The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California

Introduction Cannabis sativa L. is a plant that appears naturally in most of the states and all over the world. The plant has been associated with a lot of benefits and other uses by people from all walks of life. Medically, the plant has been proven to possess a lot of medical benefits as it can be used in manufacture of drugs with curative nature and also has various other medical benefits.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marijuana is the name given to the plant and all its components and products including its leaves, stem, roots, seeds and all the other products obtained from it, both when it is growing and even when it has been cut and dried. On the other side, marijuana has been used by individuals in different ways, especially for social uses such as recreation, reducing stress and other uses (Pacula 1). The drug has been outlawed in all the states in the USA. However, there remains a large percentage of the population that still relies on the drug for their daily living, either by engaging in its use or by engaging in its business. The Marijuana business has been operating underground and unlawfully. However, studies have shown that the business has been in a constant state of a boom and has been estimated to amount to millions of dollars. In this way, those operating the business have been able to make great earnings especially since there are no cost implications on them in terms of taxes and other legal requirements (RAND 1). Legalization of Marijuana It has been a common debate in most of the states as to whether Marijuana should be legalized and inscribed in the state laws hence allowing it to be used freely, just like any other item in the market. In this way, the law will give a provision for legality of the marijuana market and also for all the undertakings concerned with t he drug, including registration and taxation of all businesses, protection of those using the drugs in the right way and also a way to deal with all the crimes associated with the drugs. In addition, the states shall be able to lay restrictions on the drug, hence ensuring the citizens use the drugs more responsible and in a humane way (RAND 1). The California state is one of the states that have embraced the idea of legalizing the drug and even inscribing it in the list of the allowed social drugs together with alcohol and cigarettes. In this way, it has been believed that the drug will act as a source of revenue for the government in terms of the taxes collected as well as a source of employment and income for many.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The step will also ensure citizens who follow the law to the letter and do not cause trouble to others are protected even if th ey use the drug. Moreover, citizens will embrace the use of the drug more responsibly avoiding any cases that may require jailing, probation and medical expenses for treatment of abuse of the drug (Pacula 1). Hence, there is a need for the state of California, as well as the other states in the USA, to embrace legalization of Marijuana since this will have a lot of benefits both to the citizens and to the state eventually instead of use of the drug illegally which results to serious and undeserved penalties to those caught and also leads to loss of billions of dollars per year I n government revenue that would have been collected from the marijuana business. Effect of the Legalization on Demand It has been predicted that if the government legalizes the drug, there will be a lot of changes pertaining to the demand for the drug in the market and as a result, there will be a lot of restructuring in the marijuana market. Currently, due to the control and illegality of the use of the dru g as well as the strictness from the enforcers of the law in the state which includes heavy penalties and possible imprisonment of those involved in possession, sale or use of the drug, many of the people who wish to use the drug in a reasonable way have evaded its use. These restrictions from the government have acted as an incentive to the use of the drug and hence many either just avoid its use or carry out illegal activities associated to the drug. In fact, there have been a lot of underground undertakings in the market leading to large illegal underground markets for the drug. In these markets, there are a lot of people involved in the sale and purchase of the drug, though usually in disguise so as to avoid detection by the law enforcers. However, most of the citizens are not able to act on the platform of the underground undertakings since they are involve a lot of risk and hence are quite dangerous. This has left the whole business in the hands of very cunning and dangerous g angs that undertake the sale and distribution of the drug and actually are armed in a manner to try and face any opposition from the law enforcers, posing a lot of risk and un rest to the law enforcers and the state at large (Deist 1). On the other side, it has been observed that with legalization of the drug, there will be a lot of sanity in the market and elimination of illegal gangs that are involved in the market hence allowing the drug to be sold freely and in a safer way. This will improve the image of the marijuana market and attract more clients who will in return opt to use the drug more responsible and without carrying out any illegal undertakings (Whitcomb 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The demand for the drug is hence bound to increase in a great way as many will not be afraid of getting involv ed in its sale. This ay, there will be a larger market for the sales, even as the already existing market gets boosted due to its legalization. There are many factors that are attributed to an increase in the demand for marijuana. First, the increased demand will increase the prices for the drug causing more people to be involved in growing and supplying the product, a factor that is bound to result in an eventual lowering of the price for the drugs and hence stableness in the market. On the other side, the market will have a greater base for its returns and will also result to a more sources of revenues for the government. In addition, the market will force a competition between traders resulting to an improvement of the quality offered and the way it is delivered. In this way, the drug will be used more responsibly and will hence have more advantages to the entire society (Robak 1). Effect on supply The legalization of marijuana in the state of California will have a large effect on the supply of the product in the market. The main effect is that it will result to more people wishing to venture into the trade since it is associated with a lot of cash flow as well as high returns gotten from sale of the naturally according drug. In this way, even farmers will wish to plant more plants and hence increase their harvests since the plants require less inputs and less attention but have a lot of returns and do not require any further processing, except in the medical cases. In the normal circumstances, the plants are harvested and then dried before being packaged and supplied to the market. The high prices in the market places will hence attract many farmers who will wish to be involved in the production of the drug and then supply it to the market (Preston and Tracy 17). In addition, legalization of the drug will result to more people getting involved in the sale and distribution of the drug in the market in a legal and right way. This will lead to a high competi tion among the suppliers resulting to increased supply and consecutively a lowered price for the drugs. This will also ensure the dealers in the marijuana industry adhere to the law and avoid evasion of taxes, a factor that will lead to collection of more revenue for the government (Whitcomb1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Elasticity of demand and supply The increased demand and increased supply will have an overall effect of undergoing oscillations of a rise and a fall in the prices of marijuana. This market will hence be demand and supply driven, where prices will be fully dependent on the demand and the supply of the drug as well as the competition between dealers. Therefore, due to a competitive market, the demand and supply will become more elastic resulting to a more stable market that will be more reliable by those carrying out the trade, the customers who buy the marijuana and even to the government especially in terms of collection of taxes and duties associated to the trade. Other factors There are various other factors that will change due to the legalization of the trade and use of marijuana. In the onset, there will be less involvement of illegal gangs being associated to the trade and use of the drug. This will result to an improved security to all involved in the marijuana use and trade , the law enforcers and even the citizens at large. Also, there is a possibility of lowered spending by the government on law enforcement changing the way it has been before. Therefore, less people will be arrested as associated to the drug and therefore the government can divert the funds to more constructive ways. On the other side, there will be a lot of registration of those involved in the trade of the drugs as well as taxation on such a trade. This will result to increased sources of revenue for the government leading to more development in the economy (Deist 1). Finally, citizens will be able to embrace the use of the drug and hence use it more responsible in the social, recreational and even medical aspects. Conclusions California has many reasons to consider while dealing with the issue on whether or not to legalize marijuana in the state. Eventually, the state will be able to save a lot on its budget as well as earn more revenue from the trade. On the other side, the state will save its citizens a lot of problems as it also gives them a chance to venture into the business and also to exercise the trade and use of the drug in a more responsible and beneficial way. Works Cited Deist, Charlie. Why Marijuana Freedom Is Good Fiscal Policy. 10 July 2010. Web. Pacula, Rosalie. Legalizing Marijuana: issues to consider before reforming Califonia Law. RAND website. 15 Aug. 2009. Web. RAND Corporation. Legalizing marijuana in California would lower the price of the drug and increase use, study  finds. 11 March 2010. Web. Preston, Lee, and Brian Tracy. Introduction to Economic Analysis. London: John Willey Sons, 2006. Print. Robak, Warren. Study Finds Legalizing Marijuana In California Would Lower The Price Of The Drug And Increase Use. 7 April 2010. Web. This report on The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California was written and submitted by user Braiden V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Accept the Effect

Accept the Effect Accept the Effect Accept the Effect By Catherine Osborn AFFECT/EFFECT These words give writers trouble since the two can be both a noun and a verb, although affect is typically verb and effect, noun. Normally, you will use affect to denote influence. For example: If I play music will it affect your studying? Affect used as a noun means emotion. On the other hand, effect, which is more commonly used as a noun, relates to the consequence or result. The effects of the drug have long since worn off. As a verb, it means to cause or to accomplish: The tornado effected a change in our plan. ACCEPT/EXCEPT Another couple of closely related words which mean different things are accept and except. Accept will refer to receiving or approval of something. I accept your apology. Except refers to an exclusion, as in, not including. I took all those classes except math. Because they sound so similar, these words often become interchanged when we write but meaning two different things, they can really botch a sentence’s meaning! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)How to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

American vs. European Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American vs. European Education - Research Paper Example However, it is not merely the United States educational system that has changed as it is important for the reader to understand that the past 250 years of history have provided deep and intrinsic changes to the European system as well (Ingrassia 669). Nations have been born and have been absorbed, forms of government experimented and failed; ultimately, this has led to a nebulous and ever-evolving approach that Europeans have sought to contend with. Whereas the American approach has changed a great deal over the past several decades, it can be definitively argued by the researcher that the American model is more or less unchanged when compared to the European model (Kim 69). From the sociological perspective, it has been observable that the European individual approach to education is much different from the way that the individual and parental approach has evolved in the United States. For instance, from a review of the extant literature, researchers have noted that with regards to the European system, the parent is more likely to provide a supportive and encouraging role but not typically be overbearing and highly involved; choosing instead to praise accountability and personal efforts as the ultimate good (Sy et al 15). Conversely, the same researchers have noted that with respect to the United States system of education, parental involvement on the whole is something of a mainstay; causing the educational system to be predicated on the somewhat untenable grounds of the combination of shareholder emotions, feelings, and needs. Although it is not the intention of this author to make a series of value judgments with regards to what system has the most value for the shareholders, it is impossible not to point out... This paper approves that the approaches themselves cannot be counted as right or wrong; rather, they are merely indicative of the sociological and geographic separation that defines the means by which the respective systems have evolved. However, regardless of the lack of the researcher’s ability to make a value judgment on one being better than the other, it is highly interesting to note that when the systems were combined, the shareholders were able to experience an increase in educational attainment and efficiency. This synergy between the systems bodes well for the educator that might be seeking to combine certain elements of the European approach into his/her practical application of knowledge. The researchers conversely described the key components of the European approach as Humboldtian idealism. However, when the two were mixed and after the growing pains ceased, all individuals involved experienced a higher degree of efficiency and information transfer as compared to before. This essay says that the research has sought out a model of a mixed approach to education as it exists within the system so that the author and the reader may draw a level of inference with regards to how well these two can harmoniously exist. With reference to the mixed model, the student has selected the University of Leipzig in Germany. This particular combinational approach has created a great deal of growing pains for the students and the other shareholders within the system of education; however, ultimately, it appears to be experiencing a resounding degree of success.

Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Report - Essay Example More importantly, the course has provided me with tools for creativity and for solving problems within the business environment through the successful application of these tools and ideas. The practical application of the creativity and innovation tools has enabled me to have a wider knowledge on how to approach problems in my career and in business and come up with solutions to solve the problems. Through the module, I was able to learn the importance of creativity and how it affects performance and failures in contemporary business practice as well as how to manage them. For instance from the theory of Zeger Degraeve I have learnt on how to create an organizational culture that fosters the business belief of taking risks, experimentation and innovation and he need to focus on the qualities of decision making rather than the outcomes alone. Through the theory of Zeger, I have learnt that the results of decisions is irrelevant as a measure of decision quality as the difference between the time lapse of the decision itself and the realization of the results. In the course of the module and on the basis of Zeger’s theories, I have learnt that the quality of decision is measured at the moment the decision is made as decision-making is always a process is based on valuing the alternatives at the moment they are available and the present information. I have also learnt that the process of making decisions is a reflective and analytical and must embrace the tenets of effective communication. In any business, my personal lessons from this theory is that one should be judged by the quality of their performance and that progress in the career should reflect our intrinsic quality of our contribution to the business in terms of decisions. I have also managed to grasp ideas on the stages of team development from the five-step analysis given by Tuckman as these are necessary for the team in handling the

Family in Europe History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Family in Europe History - Coursework Example These large extended families were contrasted sharply with the emerging nuclear families of the industrial age as a means of attempting to re-capture a by-gone age of greater social responsibility and control. By couching the family in such terms, these sociologists were encouraging the reinstatement of the patriarch as the dictator of the family, determining the best course of action for each member of the family through his choice of heir, thus determining which child would be permitted to marry and reproduce, as well as subsuming any and all inclinations of the women of the household who were never permitted to inherit and were seen to pass into the possession of another family if and when she did get married. This reduced her value to little more than a bargaining chip with other families in search of wives for their sons and precluded any individuality for her or any of her other younger siblings. These models took their support from contentions that the agrarian society necessa rily consisted from time immemorial to have consisted of large extended families living in multi-generational households all working together for the common good. Historical-statistical analysis proves that the major contention of the pre-industrial family models proposed by Le Play and others is false. Analysis reveals that the average family size beginning as early as the seventeenth century was typically no larger than four or five persons per household. This was compared with the average size of households in more modern times, which was found to be closer to three persons per household, which does not reflect the tremendous differences claimed by earlier sociologists. In addition, statistical analysis has demonstrated that the reduction in family size did not occur in conjunction with the Industrial Revolution but only began to occur as living conditions and other events

Toll Road Development in Indonesia

Toll Road Development in Indonesia In Indonesia, road is classified into Public Road and Toll Road. Public road means the road provided for general traffic. Road itself mean land transportation infrastructure that comprises all parts of the road, including the supplementary building along with the equipment thereof dedicated for transportation. Meanwhile the definition of Toll Road in Indonesia is public road that become part of a road network system and as a national road in which the users are required to pay toll Function of Toll Road in Indonesia Based on Law 38/2004 and Government Regulation 15/2005, toll road has position and function described as the following : The toll road is operated to: a. ensures an obstructed traffic in a developed area; b. increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the goods and services distribution service in order to improve the economic development; c. alleviate the financial burden of the Government by means of including the participation of the road user; and d. to improve the equal distribution of the results of development and justice. The toll road shall be managed by the Government and/or a business entity that is qualified to do so. The user of a toll road shall be subjected to a mandatory requirement of paying a fee for the toll to be used as a return of investment, maintenance and development of the toll road. Requirement of Toll Road The toll road shall have a higher specification, higher safety and convenience service levels than those of the existing public roads which have requirement as follows: The toll road used for intercity traffic shall be designed at least eighty (80) kilometers per hour, and a toll road in urban areas shall be designed at a speed plan of at least sixty (60) kilometers per hour. The toll road shall be designed to enable it to hold the heaviest axle of eight (8) tons at the lowest; Each toll road link shall have railings and be served by crossing facilities in the form of bridges of tunnels. The pints which may be dangerous to toll road users shall be equipped with safety structures with the strengths and structures that are able to absorb vehicle crash energy. Economic Function of Toll Road The main principle economic function of toll road is based on achieving economic optimum that can be described as follows : Policy to encourage road network development and its benefits, as well as balanced inter-regional development Ensuring equal distribution of development activities and gains, and equilibrium in area development with due principle of justice, Increasing the efficiency of distribution services for improvement of the economy particularly in the more developed areas Ease the financial burden of the government through road user participation Decreasing congestion in highly growth regions resulting efficient travel times and low vehicle operating costs Concept of Public Private Partnership (PPP) The term of public-private partnership was used first time in the United States to definite correlation between joint public and private sector for educational programs for urban renewal in the 1950s until 1960s(Yescombe 2007). In fact, there is no single or uniformed definition of PPP in the world including in Indonesia. According to Delmon (2009) PPP is defined as an arrangements between public and private entities for delivery of infrastructure services and are seen as a way of raising additional funds for infrastructure investments but more importantly as a means to extend or leverage better budget funding through efficiency gains. In UK, PPP is explained as an arrangement by which a government service or private business venture is funded and operated through a partnership of government and the private sector. (NAO 2009) The term PPP covers a range of different structures which can be used to deliver a project or a service. The term can cover a spectrum from relatively short term management contracts; through concession contracts; to joint ventures and partial privatizations where there is a sharing of ownership between the public and private sectors which depend on the country and the politics of the time. PPP fills a space between traditionally procured government projects with governments budget and full privatization with privates budget, where government no longer has a direct role in ongoing operations. PPP enables to develop projects which do not have enough profitability with revenues only from projects and are not self-sustaining. Under traditional public sector approach, the public sector designs, builds, operates, and maintains infrastructure, and sets level of quantity and standards of service quality, while under privatization approach, the private sector conducts all of these aspects in place of the public sector. Under PPP approach, the public sector is ultimately accountable for service provisions, although the private sector designs, builds, operates There are various characteristics of PPP as follows: PPP is an arrangement between public and private sector. Usually, it takes form of Contract or Agreement. PPP is applied as a method for provision of public services. Public Services in this definition, are not limited to road services. Public sector remains responsible for the project because a PPP project is operated to deliver public services specified by public sectors. PPP often includes investment and construction of facilities by private sectors. But there can be PPP which does not include facility construction. PPP is applied only when it delivers Value for Money. It means adoption of PPP is recommended if it can bring larger benefits to the public compared to other means of project. PPPs can follow a variety of structures and contractual formats. However, all PPPs incorporate three key characteristics: A contractual agreement defining the roles and responsibilities of the parties, Sensible risk-sharing among the public and the private sector partners, and Financial rewards to the private party commensurate with the achievement of pre specified outputs. PPP is one tool available for decision makers in reforming infrastructure or service delivery. It is most effective way when it is accompanied by other reform activities to underpin and reinforce the PPP and to support sustainable improvement. A successful PPP is designed with careful attention to the context or the enabling environment within which the partnership will be implemented. Where the operating environment can be reformed to be more conducive to the goals of PPP, this should be accomplished. Where elements of the operating context cannot be changed, the PPP design must be tailored to accommodate existing conditions. To be successful, PPP must be built upon a sector diagnostic that provides a realistic assessment of the current sector constraints. Specifically, the sector diagnostic will cover: (1) technical issues; (2) legal, regulatory, and policy frameworks; (3) Institutional and capacity status; and (4) Commercial, financial, and economic issues. Objectives of PPP The prime objective of government in using PPP is to achieve improved value for money, or improved services for the same amount of money as the public sector would spend. Besides that, other objective is desiring to provide increased infrastructure provision and services within imposed budgetary constraints by utilizing private sources of finance, if possible, via off balance sheet structures or to accelerate delivery of projects which might otherwise have to be delayed. The Main Principles of PPP According(Agency 2012) in Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) of Road Project, the main principles of PPP are: a. Transfer of Risk The risk allocation between every stakeholder must be well informed therefore every party both government and private know every risk on staging of toll road development such as design, construction and operation/maintenance, including financing of its project. b. Value for Money The government has authority to determine the economical and financial of project, in using government money and private money or combination both of them. c. Managerial Responsibility Private sector have capability and responsibility to manage, operate and maintain of road project d. Payment for Service For road project that full financed by government, the staging of road development is carried out by Private Sector. The Government has authority to regulate and monitor every progress of its staging. Government will pay the private sector based on performance of project and has right to terminate project if it is needed. e. Partnership The government and private are committed to cooperate in practice to get efficient and effective result. f. Private-sector Innovation By understanding risk factors in road project, the private sector has used innovation for efficiency of road development staging. The Private Sector concept encourages a productive partnership between the public and private sectors, by using private capital and commercial expertise to fund initial construction and long-term maintenance of Private Sector roads in operation year. Investment Concept Regarding (Horngren 1994) investment decisions concerning long-term plan for the use of capital (capital budgeting) consist of six staging process: (1) identification stage, choosing type of investment suitable with organizational objective, (2) search stage, seeking alternative investment capital that can meet the organizational goals, (3) information-acquisition stage, searching data and qualitative and quantitative analysis of various alternative investment capital, (4) selection stage, choosing one capital investments based on financial analysis by the method: discounted cash flow ( net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR)), payback and accrual accounting rate or return, (5) financing stage and (6) implementation and control stage. Those all concepts shall be directly apply to initial investment concept, including Public Private Partnership Risk Allocation in Public Private Partnership Definition of Risk In term definition, risk is unpredictable variation in value. It includes the possibility of unexpectedly good or unexpectedly bad, outcomes. The risk of a project is unpredictable variation in the total value of the project, taking account not only of the value of the project company but also of the value accruing to customers, the government, and other stakeholders. A stakeholders risk in a project is unpredictable variation in the value of the stakeholders interest in the project. Each risk should be allocated, along with rights to make related decisions, so as to maximize total project value, taking account of each partys ability to(Irwin 2007): 1. Influence the corresponding risk factor. 2. Influence the sensitivity of total project value to the corresponding risk factor, for example, by anticipating or responding to the risk factor. 3. Absorb the risk. Risk in Public Private Partnership The purpose of the risk identification stage on toll road project is to define as extensively as possible, a list with all types and sources of risks and uncertainties that might have an impact on the project. It is a crucial stage for the risk management process, because if a risk cannot be identified, it cannot consequently be evaluated and managed. (Tanaka, et al. 2005) Toll Road project risks should be assigned to the public or private entity that is best at controlling and managing them. In most of the cases, the private sector has taken on risk associated with the design, financing, construction, operation and maintenance of facilities, general regulatory risks as well as cover for insurable force majeure events. On the other hand, the public sector has been responsible for environmental license approvals and other planning permits, right-of-way land acquisition, discriminatory regulatory risk, and uninsurable force majeure events and political risks. Risk Allocation Principles in Public Private Partnership Determination of the Concession obligations in a PPP Agreement need to conform with the risk allocation principles understood by every party . An optimal risk allocation is vital in maximizing the value for money. The common principle for risk allocation is that a risk should be allocated to party which is relatively able to manage the risk, or having the least cost of absorbing such risk. If this principle is implemented properly, it is expected that the risk premium and the project cost would be lower leading to positive impact to the project stakeholders. The implementation examples of such principle in the market are as follow: Risks which have not been managed well in the past, or those which the agency has little experience in managing, should be transferred if cost-effective, particularly where the risk can be influenced by the controlling party; Risks which are outside the control of either party, or are equally influenced by both parties (e.g. certain force majeure events) should be shared; Risks that the government can manage well, or is in a more informed position to control than the private sector (e.g. planning approvals, legislation risks) should be retained; and There may also be some risks that, while transferred, may possibly remain an exposure for the public sector (e.g. risk of sponsor default). If an event cannot be resolved satisfactorily, the government steps in and assumes full responsibility for the risk (or the project as a whole). This is appropriate where the project is delivering critical social infrastructure and associated services. Models of Risk Allocation of Public Private Partnerships One of PPPs benefits is there is possibility to share the possible risk of the project between private sector and government. On one hand, the private sector has the capability to deal with commercial risk, but on the other hand, they need to relief from non-commercial risk that beyond their control (Soedjito 2009). Models of risk allocation in public private partnership is depicted in The common models for public private partnerships are BOT and concession and the difference between these two depends on the level of support provided by the government. Risk Assessment Approaches From a review on the existing methodologies used for the evaluation and assessment of risk in the financial appraisal of projects, two main categories of approaches were identified: qualitative techniques and quantitative techniques. Qualitative Techniques Qualitative techniques have been used for compiling a list of the main risk sources and describing their likely consequences, without entering in details about the quantification of their probability of occurrence. (Merna and Njiru 2002). The next step after all sources of risk are identified is to define some kind of order of priority. On the limited time, risk assessment may be biased towards the use of relatively simple procedures such as qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques (Ward, 1999). Quantitative Techniques Quantitative techniques aim to represent the likelihood and impact of risks in terms of the usual planning measures, such as time and money (Grey, 1995). Two of the most widely used quantitative risk analysis techniques in the financial appraisal of projects are: deterministic analysis techniques and probabilistic analysis techniques (Merna and Njiru, 2002). Sensitivity analysis, as part of deterministic techniques, is probably the most representative approach among the quantitative techniques. Sensitivity analysis examines the effect of changes in the value of the models dependent variable resulting from the changes in the value of one or more of the input variables to the model. The most popular form of sensitivity analysis is the one-factor-at-the time approach, wherein the main advantage is that it allows interpretation of the results in an easily understandable way. Another form of sensitivity analysis is the scenario analysis, which recalculates the model for a combination of simultaneous changes in the input variables (Van Groenendaal and Kleijnen, 1997). Frequently, three types of scenarios are distinguished: an optimistic case, a base case, and a pessimistic case. Some of the major shortcomings of using sensitivity analysis are: 1. Equal probability of occurrence is given to all scenarios (despite the likelihood of getting some scenarios with extreme values is lower); 2. Possible inter-dependencies between the variables are ignored; 3. In big projects with many items/activities, a combination of all variables can create a too large set of scenarios. Implementation of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Indonesia Indonesian government through Ministry of Public Works based on Decree of Minister of Public Work number 567/KPTS/M/2010 operated 757.47 km and plans 4618 km of toll roads as part of the national road network divided in 5 major islands in Indonesia (see ) In the implementation of toll road development in Indonesia, there were some periods due to regulations and legislation in valid at that period of time as follows: First Period (1978 1983), Fully financed by Government funds (Government Equity). Second Period (1983 1990), Subsidiary Loan Agreement (SLA) to PT Jasa Marga (two step loan), State Own Enterprise for toll road development. Third Period (1990 1994), Cooperation with private sector using BOT scheme. Fourth Period (1994 2005), Modified BOT scheme (i.e., revenue sharing concept, land acquisition cost is part of investment cost borned by the investor). Fifth Period (2005 present), using Build Operate Transfer (BOT)/ PPP Scheme Law and Regulation for Public Private Partnership of Toll Road in Indonesia After regulatory reform with the Road Law No.38/2004 and Toll Road Government Regulation No.15/2005 allow the development of toll roads through public private partnership, including domestic and international investor. Main regulatory framework for toll roads includes law, regulations, and decrees are presented as follows: Law No. 38 of 2004 concerning Road Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No.15 of 2005 concerning Toll Road Regulation of Minister of Public Works No. 295/PRT/M/2005 Concerning Indonesia Toll Road Authority Public Work Ministerial Decree No. 369/KPTS/M/2005 on National Road Network Master Plan to include toll road network master plan Presidential Decree No. 36/2005 on Land Acquisition for Public Purpose Presidential Decree No.67/2005 on PPP Between Government and Enterprises on Infrastructure Provision Finance Ministerial Decree No.518/KMK.01/2005 on Risk Management Unit Decree of Minister of Public Work number 567/KPTS/M/2010 on Status of Toll Road in Indonesia Implementation Framework on Toll Road Project in Indonesia According to the Road Law No.38 of 2004 concerning Road and the Government Regulation No.15 of 2005 concerning Toll Road, roles and institutional framework of toll road project are defined as showed in and Figure 2.. Government of Indonesia set up Indonesia Toll Road Authority (BPJT) which has authority for preparing feasibility study, Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA), bidding documents and selecting private concessionaires. Indonesia Toll Road Authority also has duty to implement a part of toll road management in Indonesia such as set toll road concession, commercialization of toll roads, supervision of toll roads including monitoring and evaluation in Indonesia. This authority is also to deliver Public Private Partnership scheme in toll road investment. Toll Road Investment Procedure in Indonesia Procedure of toll road investment, from project preparation through sign of concession agreement, is shown in . The whole process take approximately 24 months (2 years). Then, it is followed by implementing the agreement through the whole period in accordance with the concession period agreed which vary 30 to 40 years depend on the project condition and project by project basis. AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTATION (ÂÂ ± 14 months) (ÂÂ ± 4-6 months) PREPARE PQ DOCUMENT SUBMIT PQ DOCUMENT PREPARE BID PROPOSAL SUBMIT BID PROPOSAL BID BOND RECEIVE NOTICE AWARD PRIVATE SECTOR SIGN CONTRACT PERFORMANCE BOND, LAND ACQUISITION COST, FINANCIAL CLOSURE BID CONFERENCE-BID PREPARATION PQ AND BID INVITATION PREQUALIFICATION OF BIDDER RECEIPT AND OPENING BID PROJECT PREPARATION EVALUATION OF BID APOINTMENT OF SUCCESFUL BIDDER CONSESSION AGREEMENT BPJT/GOVERMENT PREPARE SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLE Figure 2. Toll Road Investment Procedure (source: BPJT 2010) Existing PPP Model of Toll Road Project in Indonesia There are 3 (three) models that can be applied under the PPP scheme in Indonesia, depend on the economic and financial viability of the projects (Karsaman 2008). These models are shown in Figure 2. Scheme 1, where the economic viability of the toll road is good but its financial viability poor, the government take over the finance and construction of the toll road, but when it has been finished, then it will tendering for its operating maintaining to private sector. This has been applied in Tanjung Priok Access Road, Jakarta and Suramadu Bridge, East Java. Scheme 2, where the economic viability of the toll road is good but its financial viability is marginal, the Government can support Land Acquisition and partly construction cost and the private sector has to finance and constructing other part and then operate and maintain the toll road. This scheme is applied in Solo-Ngawi-Kertosono Toll Road (Central Java and East Java) case and might be applied in other links. Scheme 3, where the economic and financial viabilities of the toll road are good, the private sector has to finance and constructing all of the road and then operate and maintain it through the concession period. This scheme is applied in most of the toll road development in general. Financial Feasibility of Toll Road Investment Indikator Kelayakan yang akan dipergunakan dalam studi ini, adalah : 1. Net Present Value (NPV) Net Present Value adalah selisih antara Present Value Benefit dikurangi dengan Present Value Cost. Hasil NPV dari suatu proyek yang dikatakan layak secara finansial adalah yang menghasilkan nilai NPV bernilai positif. Dalam hal ini semua rencana akan dilaksanakan apabila NPV > 0, atau persamaan di atas memenuhi : Net Present Value (NPV) = PVBenefit PVCost = positif Hal tersebut berarti bahwa pembangunan konstruksi jalan akan memberikan keuntungan, dimana benefit/ cash flow positif akan lebih besar dari pada cost/ cash flow negatif. 2. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 3. Payback Ratio Rasio DSCR Public private partnership (PPP) are a generic term for the relationships formed between the private sector and public bodies often with the aim of introducing private sector resources and/or expertise in order to help provide and deliver public sector assets and services. The term PPP is used to describe a wide variety of working arrangements from loose, informal and strategic partnerships to design-build finance- operate (Private Sector) type service contracts and formal joint venture companies. (4Ps, UK local government procurement agency) In general, the basic concept of toll road development and management are as follows.1 The Government establishes Master Plan of Toll Road Network as a guidance of toll road development, while the toll road links will be determined by the Minister. Government holds authority of toll road development, where as parts of the authority concerning toll road business are being executed by Indonesia Toll Road Authority BPJT (Task and authorities of BPJT are described in Minister of Public Works Regulation No.295/PRT/M/2005.) Toll road business can be financed by the Government and/or qualified business entity. Financing by Government is for the toll road links that economically feasible, but not financially feasible. Financing by business entity is for toll road links which are both economically and financially feasible. Under particular conditions, where the toll road can not be developed by business entities, the Government will take proper action in accordance with the authorities. Initial tariff will be established by Minister as stated in concession agreement. The tariff will be adjusted every two years based on inflation index, an determined by the Minister. Procurement of either part of all aspects of toll road operation will be done through an open and transparent tender process. Land acquisition is responsibility of the Government, however its budget can be provided by Government and/or business entity.

Capital Punishment and the Bible Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ess

Capital Punishment and the Bible      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment has always been an arguable issue and for good reason. The Old Testament clearly calls for the death penalty on many occasions, whereas; many of the teachings of Jesus and others in the New testament readily denounce it.   Therefore, both advocates ands opponents of capital punishment have Biblical references to support their beliefs.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opponents use the creation story to show that all are created in God's image.   Genesis 1:27a states that â€Å"God created man in his image.†1   God, thus, has the power to give and take away life as he chooses.   All men are to preserve life to the best of their ability.   M. Margaret Falls says that we cannot treat people as mere instruments to personal survival, success or fulfillment.2      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advocates will also utilize Genesis   1:27 to prove that because man is created in God's image, man must preserve as many lives as possible,   Therefore, the death of one, who has murdered many, will spare the useless and countless deaths of others.   God's command to preserve life seems much more important here than the preservation of criminals.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment is never used legitimately in the New Testament. Jesus' constant preaching of love and forgiveness shows his contempt for the harming of others.   One example of love is found in John 15:17 â€Å"This is my command:   Love each other.†Ã‚   An example of forgiveness is Matthew 6:14 â€Å"For if you forgive men when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.†      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jesus practiced what he preached by not condemning guilty persons.   In John 8:1-11, Jesus did not let the people stone a wom... ...    Falls, M. Margaret, The Christian Century, â€Å"Against the Death Penalty: A Christian Stance in a Secular World, The Christian Century Foundation, Cicero, IL, 1986.    Finlay, Terence J., The Ten Commandments, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, NY, 1961.    Harrison, R. K., Numbers An Exegetical Commentary, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1992.    Hoekema, David, The Christian Century, â€Å"Capital Punishment:   The Question of Justification, The Christian Century Foundation, Chicago, IL, 1979.    Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1973.    Kaiser, Walter C. Jr., Hard Sayings of the Old Testament, InerVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1988.    Steffen, Lloyd, Christianity and Crisis, â€Å"Casting the First Stone,† Christianity and Crisis, Inc., Syracuse, NY, 1990.   

Intro to Marketing

Jaguar and Think Tank Jaguar is one of the largest secondary sectors in the world, they manufacture luxury cars and they operate in a 169 countries and have 1200 employees. Jaguar has four main site in the UK which include Castle Bromwich, Brown Lane, Gaydon and Whitely. As for think tank is now considered as part of the Birmingham museums and one of the largest museums in England.Think tank makes education for children thrilling and fun so they created a place for children to be educated while having fun. What is marketing? Marketing is about businesses that produce products or services to focus on satisfying the needs and want of a consumer, For Jaguar it is about the promotion, distribution and selling of a product or service, based on the needs and wants of customers which is quoted on their website presentation. Marketing objectivesMarketing objectives is when a business such as Jaguar set a goal to increase productivity and sales and for Jaguar to able to do that, it is importa nt that the Marketing, Sales and Customer service to work together as one, for example if Jaguar goal was to increase sales for the XF type, then the departments would have to set the SMART OBJECTIVE which is S-SPECIFIC the objective must be clearly stated and focused M-MEASURABLE for jaguar to see how it is performing against their objective by knowing the quantity of their performance A-ACHIEVABLE for the objective to be practical it needs to be something jaguar can achieve R-REALISTIC the goal has to be something that jaguar can actually do T-TIME RELATED the objective has to have a time limit otherwise the performance of the objective will be unreliable For Jaguar to do their smart objective it would be when they produce a new type of car to that is targeted at female consumers, for Jaguar to achieve this target they would have to set their objectives by promoting their new product to their existing customers by being specific about the car, whilst they are advertising the new p roduct by saying how it differs from previous types and their unique quality for example the new type of Jaguar is environmental friendly but it’s still fast and luxurious, then Jaguar also has to measure the speed to know it is achievable goal and has to be something real and not a made up fact, the fast car also has a time limit to show the public. As for Think Tank their objective could be to have a new target market such as students from college and universities, so they can make more profit to reinvest in their museum. To target those new market they would have be specific with their goal by calculating those already visiting the museum or try attracting colleges and universities by showing the business side of the museum, where they have an increase of reputation to help them grow and attract more customers.And for Think Tank to measure the their goal if succeeding they would have to monitor their profit to see how much growth they have had before they set the objective and those goals would have to be realistic cause if their objective would have been attract senior public it would have been impossible but senor public with children then that would have been a realistic goal for them to achieve. Branding Businesses use logo and slogan intending to indentify the goods and service they are selling and also differentiate from other goods and services. Branding is not about getting your targeted markets choose your competitors instead of you but it is about consumers seeing you as the only one who can solve their problems.Their mission statement is to create beautiful fast car and for people to drive them because it keep the business going. Jaguar quoted ‘if we don’t sell cars we won’t exist as a business’. For their Brand to be larger Jaguar works with partners that operate in the same area as them e. g. British Airways, Selfridge etc.. For Jaguar they are recognised for their name ‘Jaguar’ and the wild animal shape that is constantly used on everything they do or produce. Jaguar is a strong brand that they can able to charge thousand pound on their product, which means with the strength jaguar can enter a new market which they are previously doing by reinventing an existing type to new market, with less risk of failure.Jaguar brand essence is ‘racing heart’ what this does is encourage products that has brand value to differentiate from the rest of their competitors, it also directs jaguar to create rare communication that their essence ‘its heart’ for the cars to be exhilarating. Each time they advertise their cars they usually add a campaign tagline which is ‘this is the new Jaguar’ now what this does for their branding is demand active consumers to take a second look at the brand and proclaims the importance of the now Jaguar. As for Think Tank their brand is known for being colourful and smart to remind people of the time people did not have pro blems and they see themselves as a opular destination for tourist because the museum offer services to suit all taste and budgets from free parks and museums plus their wide indoor premises for any weather. If Think Tank were to create a new museum in a new country with new products it will be hard for them to get any customers or receive any recognition, So for them to be recognised for their achievement and work think tank would think of enhancing their brand fairness through advertisement and promotion such as supporting awareness and events sponsorships so when think tank would think of growing their business it will reduce the risk of failure. Growth Strategies Businesses need to regularly look for new products and markets for future growth.A useful way of looking at growth opportunities is the Ansoff Growth matrix which was developed by Igor Ansoff who identified four categories for growth is: Market penetration  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Increase sales of an existing product in an existing market. At Jaguar they headquarter at the UK and most of the sales are from abroad since most UK citizens buy foreign cars because it is cheaper, so for Jaguar to increase sales at the UK they could do more advertisements and promotion and also have decrease the cost of the cars, But since Jaguar is a known brand that is recognised to be expensive and luxurious, then by decreasing cost it would reduce the quality of the car. So to increase sells Jaguar would have target their previous customer to spread the word about the car they own e. g. the XJ and other their friends, business partnerships and competitors.As for Think Tank they could increase a wider range of customers within Birmingham by inviting schools to learn new science technologies and college for students to learn and observe the business side to it and begin able to achieve that the museum would have connections with schools and colleges Product development  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Improve present products and/or develop new produc ts for the current market: so if jaguar decides to develop a new product and sell it to their current customers it would be safe because Jaguar tries to have a relationship with the customers which results the customer to buy more new cars from them. For example developing a new car that is enhanced performances, bold design and reflects positive on the drive, then the current market would want the product because of the positive review it might have. As for think tank they would have to develop a product that could be more useful for young teens and adults such as the 4D screen cinema that everyone wants to try it.The 4D cinema is for people to enjoy watching films while looking realistic enough. This simply attracts all age groups Market development  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Sell existing products into new markets since Jaguar is a wide world known brand it would be easier for them to sell anything in any country. For example selling the XJ in China would be bring profit to the business because china has recently improved their economy making China the third leading economy in the world and selling the XJ there would increase Jaguar chances of opening a manufacturing company and getting potential customers as well As for Think tank they are located in Birmingham so to move to a new market they would have to conduct a research to open their museum there.Diversification  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Develop new products for new markets: if jaguar was developing a new brand for a new market such as the XF for female customer they would have the type match the new market taste by doing something different than the other types jaguar manufactured. But it could be a risk since people see jaguar as the company that design muscular cars for rich mans and result them to lose their clients. As for Think tank they could change their target market to the age range of teens and make the museum seem less childish and make the place seem more of science area museum so the teens can came and gain more kno wledge than they do it at school. Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing is where a business focuses in a long term value of a customer; the long term could be 5-25 years depending in the business existence.Jaguar sees themselves as developing a lasting relationship with their customers through outstanding performance by trying to meet the needs and expectation of their customers by anticipating everything before it comes to mind. This could attract more customers and have loyal customer who will be supporting the business. As for think tank they to have lasting relationship with their consumers they try to provide anything necessary such as a family group they designed a children playroom for the children to be left alone and made the place safe for the children and fun and the food is healthy and nourishes for people to enjoy them and they also created a quite place for people to read and enjoy the silence. The creation of think tank was to meet each and every needs and wan ts of the consumers Resubmission Market objective:-For Jaguar to do their smart objective it would be when they produce a new type of car to that is targeted at female consumers, for Jaguar to achieve this target they would have to set their objectives by promoting their new product to their existing customers and being specific about the car, whilst they are advertising the new product by saying how it differs from previous types and their unique quality for example the new type of Jaguar is environmental friendly but it’s still fast and luxurious. Then see if their performance of selling the car quantity is increasing e. g. sales revenue and customer percentage from previous project to the new one. Market penetration:-For Jaguar to increase sales at the UK they could do more advertisements and promotion and also have decrease the cost of the cars, But since Jaguar is a known brand that is recognised to be expensive and luxurious, then by decreasing cost it would reduce the quality of the car. So to increase sells Jaguar would have target their previous customer to spread the word about the car they own e. g. the XJ and other their friends, business partnerships and competitors. Product development:- For example developing a new car that is enhanced performances, bold design and reflects positive on the drive, then the current market would want the product because of the positive review it might have. Market development:-

Mt. Everest Essays

Mt. Everest Essays Mt. Everest Essay Mt. Everest Essay Conquering the summit Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the highest mountain in the world and to give examples of people who climbed it. Central idea: I will talk about the height of the Everest, the trail that leads to the summit, the location, and surroundings. Introduction I. Try to close your eyes and imagine the following scenes. A. You are seating down on the highest summit in the world, and all you see is other white summits. B. You are away from the noise and all you hear is wind. C. No buildings no civilization, just mountains. II. There are some people that died because they wanted to be on the highest spot on earth. III. On the other hand, people who made the most amazing journey of their life. IV. It takes around 3 days to climb the Everest from the base camp which is 21,300Â  ft. V. Intrigued by the subject I went to Nepal to the Himalaya range to see the Everest. Body I. the Everest has many stories behind it. A. The first people to conquer the summit 1. In 1953 the first two people reached the summit, the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal. B. Mount Everest is considered to be a death zone. 1. It is very hard for climbers to survive in a death zone. The temperature Can get to very low levels and the body parts will frostbite easily. 2. People who die during the climb are typically left behind. About 150 bodies have never been recovered. C. Now days, it is very popular to hike until EBC- Everest base camp. 1. My best friend reached the EBC. . I hiked to Annapurna Base Camp which is not far from the Everest region. Conclusion I. the Everest is the greatest adventure a human been can experience. A. Thousands of people have experienced the highest summit on earth. B. There are some dark sides for the great mountain, it is deadly. Bibliography 1. Success And Death On Mount Everest, Raymond B. HUEY And Richard Salisbury, The American Alpine Journal, 2003 americanalpineclub. org/pdfs/aaj/HueyEverestAAJ_03. pdf 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mount_Everest

Progressive Era

Progressive Era The Progressive Era was a period of drastic reform in the United States. The 17th Amendment of 1913 reformed the direct election of Senators by putting the power of the vote in the hands of the people. The 18th Amendment of 1919 placed the prohibition of liquor because of the social and political temperance movements advocating this government regulation. The 19th Amendment of 1920 finally granted women's suffrage by giving women the right to vote in government elections. All three of these amendments reformed problems that Progressives called for after the nationwide depression from 1893 to 1897.The 17th Amendment of 1913 took power of electing the senators of a state from the state legislature and placed it in the hands of the people of state. Many city and state governments were controlled by dishonest business executives and politicians who tried to block economic reforms and with a direct primary election, the command of elections would be in complete control of the citizens.Sup ernatural Fairy Tales: The Progressive Rock EraThe progressive movement was initiated by liberals in both political parties, the fight for government reform can be traced back to Liberal Republicans(An Oxymoron, Mr. Jetel?) during the Grant administration and Mugwumps. Citizens were enraged, with big businesses' growing influence in all branches of government and sought ways to purify it.Big Business was also a target of progressivism. During this time presidents like Roosevelt and William Howard Taft tried to regulate and control big business. Many well educated people of the time, as well as moderately prosperous businessmen and members of other professions(middle class) felt threatened by the increasing power of big business and the tycoons. These people were also disturbed by the Big business' influence in politics, making a mockery of the democratic system. Then with the failure of the interstate commerce act and the Sherman act, made big business look unstoppable. As the...

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Employment law - Essay Example based on religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation as regards the areas covered by this Directive should be prohibited throughout the Community.’1 Following this directive, The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 came into effect on December 2, 2003. Section 2 of the Regulations, define religion in very broad terms as ‘"religion or belief" means any religion, religious belief, or similar philosophical belief.’2 Section 44 of the Equality Act 2006 defines religion or belief in very similar terms.3 The 2003 Regulations are not unlike the legislative provisions for the prevention of discrimination on the grounds of sex and race. In other words discrimination can be either direct or indirect. In order to properly advise Mr. David Williams it will be necessary to look at previous case law and the application of indirect and direct discrimination by reference to established law in the area of sex and race discrimination. The Regulations are applicable to areas of employment that generally cover recruitment terms, promotions, transfers, dismissals and training. Direct discrimination infers treatment of an employee less favourably than the treatment of others on the basis of that person’s religion or belief. Indirect discrimination will apply to situations in which a criteria, practice or provision is adapted in the absence of a good and/or fair reason and disadvantages a person of a certain religion or belief.5 ;Indirect discrimination’ is by and large concerned, with the application of a similar set of rules to a similar group despite the fact that the rules will affect the members of the group in vastly different ways. The European Court of Justice has been rather clear regarding its position on discrimination of any kind as enshrined in Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms. Religious freedom has been found to be no less important than any other right. In Kokkinakis v Greece it was

Importance of Physical Education to student achievement Research Paper

Importance of Physical Education to student achievement - Research Paper Example Physical education and academic performance The direct implications of physical education on academic performance of students have been established by several researchers. One of the first studies analyzing the impact of physical activity on the academic performance of students was done by (Fourestier, 1962). This study included a small group of students from France. The sample population which underwent physical education in the afternoon after the forenoon’s sessions within the classroom was reported to have improved academic performance in comparison with the control group which didn’t undergo physical education (Fourestier, 1962). Though this study included only a small sample size and the methodology has not been detailed in the literature available, this has been indicated as one of the first studies in this research area. Another larger study which was conducted in 1970s has been recorded by Sallis et al (1999). This included 546 primary school children and confi rmed that those students who continuously engaged in five hours of physical education in a week performed better academically. This study has also analyzed the changing impacts of extent of physical education as the control population was constituted of children who had a limited exposure of 40 minutes of physical education per week Sallis et al (1999). ... Shephard (1997) reported that there was significant improvement in the mathematics score of students who underwent physical education for 5 hours a week. However, there were negative consequences in terms of scores in English. It is worth noting here that 33 minutes were reduced in the mathematics instruction while no hours were taken off from English teaching Shephard (1997). Raviv & Hectch (1999) recorded that physical movement education considerably improved the reading skills and the arithmetic test scores of students in an intervention made in an Israel school involving 92 preschool and 266 first grade children. More recent studies also suggest promising correlation between academic performance and physical education. Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves & Malina (2006) conducted an interventional study amongst 6th grade students which included fifty five minutes of physical education per day as an intervention. This intervention in terms of time was equivalent to that of the time slot for arts and computer sciences. The observations of this study indicated that these students performed as good as the control population in mathematics, science and English Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves & Malina (2006). The results of the Canadian Achievement Test revealed that even with decrease in academic time the academic performance of the sample population remained the same (Ahamed, Macdonald, Reed, Naylor, Liu-Ambrose & McKay, 2007). There are few studies which have suggested negative implications of Physical Education on academic achievements. Tremblay, Inman & Willms (2000) observed inverse association with academic performance in students of 11 years. This study is worth mentioning because of its large sample size. The research covered close to 7000 students as the