Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix - Essay Example Introduction Despite the visibility of the uterine cervix by way clinical examination, cervical cancer is ranked second among malignants of neoplasm affecting the female population globaly after the breast cancer, which represents 12% as compared to all kinds of cancer. In the developing countries of Africa, Latin America, Central and South-East Asia, cancer of the uterine cervix leads other tumor malignants. Squamous dysplasia which is also abbreviated as CIN is a spectrum of intraepithelial changes of indistinct precincts that starts with placid atypia and develops through stages of distinctly marked intraepithelial deformities to carcinoma in situ. The range of classes and forms points on a disease variety but not separate malady entities. They are predecessor lesions to persistent squamous cell carcinoma. Dysplasia is a potentially unalterable change typified by an augment in mitotic rate, an atypical cytological feature which is by shape, size, nuclear appearance and abnormal or ganization that might be by cellularity,2 isolation and or polarity that fall short of premalignant change. In most instances, dysplasia might develop to cancer and or dysplastic changes might be established closest to foci of tumor. 3. Clinical features The characteristics of CIN lacerations are white patches that appear on the cervix preceding an application of acetic acid around the cervix. Distinctive vascular patterns can be noted on colposcopic assessment of the cervix in soaring grade CIN. Lacerations appear on the frontal lip twice as usually as the subsequent lip. These can be found in the transformation areas and zones around squamous metaplasia at the endocervix. This might stop instantly at the intersection with the native portion squamous epithelium, however this can continue along on the whole endocervical passage. It is common that the part of CIN on the portio area is low grade CIN 1 while the portion that broadens into the endocervical passage is high grade CIN 2 an d 3. Clinical indicators show that carcinoma symptoms depend on the magnitude and phase of the tumor. Those patients who have lumps confined to the cervix are usually asymptomatic and are easily detected due to uncharacteristic Pap smear result. On the other hand, patients with clinically notable tumors present various degrees of unusual bleeding. At an early stage lesions might be indurate or ulcerated while more highly developed tumors form exophytic fungating sufficient and or endophytic ulcerated or even infiltrative lots capable to produce an enlarged cervix that is hard or barrel-shaped. Picture showing an ulcerated fungating carcinoma on the cervix Uncharacteristic cellular propagation, maturation and atypia portray CIN. Nuclear deformity is the characteristic of 3CIN and includes pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, abnormal chromatin distribution, and irregular borders. These nuclear deformities continue all the way through the epithelium despite maturation of cytoplasmic towards the exterior. As such, mitotic rate is amplified and abnormal mitotic features might be noted. 4. Pathology Grossly, squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is normally characterized by focal or discharge polypoid gel of the endometrium by tender, friable, grey-white fiber. Massive tumours might form confluent tissue growths to occupy the endometrial cavity. Attacks of the underlying myometrium and or invasion of the cervix might be noted.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION - Assignment Example The outcome of which has been observed from a declining trend in CHD mortality rate since the period of 1970s. Contextually, premature mortality rate i.e. mortality rate among people younger than the age of 75, has reduced by nearly 45% in the past 10 years. However, this reduction is largely socially patterned or follows a particular social pattern. However, despite the evidences of improvements, it can be said that there is a significant variation in CHD mortality rate across diverse socioeconomic groups, thus enlarging the social inequalities in the long run (McCartney & et. al., 2012). In order to reduce the social inequalities and minimise the prevailing death ratio, various healthcare professionals and doctors have provided significant measures through which the coronary heart disease can be prevented by a large extent. Different healthcare professionals have determined certain beneficial interventions that include prescription of low doses of medicines, identification of tolerance to certain drugs along with cardiac rehabilitation among others. Healthcare professionals have provided a variety of suggestive measures such as prohibition of smoking practices, incorporation of nutritional foods in diets and performance of physical activities for at least half an hour each day which are essential for patients to keep them fit and healthy. With efficient primary care provided to patients, coronary heart diseases (CHD) can be reduced by a considerable extent (Rowlands & et. al., 2012). Health literacy is one of the important determinants, which is considered while determining the preventive measures of CHD. It has been observed that patients having coronary heart disease possess low level of health literacy. According to the findings of Rowlands & et. al., (2012), it is viewed that out of 803 patients who were studied, around 106 had low level of health literacy.