Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller - 926 Words

The American dream, a lie that has been told for generations and yet not many question it. Through Arthur Miller s playwright â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, he provides an entertaining way to show the many faces of the American dream. What is the American dream? For most, it means being successful by having a car, a house that is well furnished, and money. Willy Loman, the main character (and most complex), is a metaphor for showing the struggle of obtaining the American dream. His wife Linda represents the blind consumer, someone who never questions and just accepts. His son Happy represents the irony of having reached the American dream. Finally, Willy’s other son Biff represents the anti-american. Willy Loman is an old man who represents the illusion of the American Dream. He is a â€Å"tired to death† (13) salesman who still believes in the American Dream. In â€Å"Masters of Desires† by Jack Solomon, he states that â€Å" America’s consumer economy runs on desire† (543), which is all that Willy has. He desires to achieve the American Dream to a point where he projects his desires onto Biff, straining his relationship with him. He longs to be well-liked and famous in a sense; stating that a â€Å"...man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead†¦.I never have to wait in line to see a buyer. ‘ Willy Loman is here!’ That’s all they have to know, and I go right through† (33). Later on throughout the play it clear that this is not true and that Willy is self-delusional. Willy isShow MoreRelatedDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican play-write Arthur Miller, is undoubtedl y Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949 at the time when America was evolving into an economic powerhouse. Arthur Miller critiques the system of capitalism and he also tells of the reality of the American Dream. Not only does he do these things, but he brings to light the idea of the dysfunctional family. Death of a Salesman is one of America’s saddest tragedies. In Arthur Miller’s, Death of a Salesman, three major eventsRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller888 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman† is a play written by Arthur Miller in the year 1949. The play revolves around a desperate salesman, Willy Loman. Loman is delusioned and most of the things he does make him to appear as a man who is living in his own world away from other people. He is disturbed by the fact that he cannot let go his former self. His wife Linda is sad and lonely; his youngest son Biff is presented as a swinger/player while his eldest son Happy appears anti-business and confused by the behaviorRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and theRead MoreDeath of Salesman by Arthur Miller972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Death of a Salesman by the playwright Arthur Miller, the use of names is significant to the characters themselves. Many playwrights and authors use names in their works to make a connection between the reader and the main idea of their work. Arthur Miller uses names in thi s play extraordinarily. Not only does Miller use the names to get readers to correlate them with the main idea of the play, but he also uses names to provide some irony to the play. Miller uses the meanings of someRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1628 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller wrote the Pulitzer Prize winning play Death of a Salesman in 1949. The play inflated the myth of the American Dream of prosperity and recognition, that hard work and integrity brings, but the play compels the world to see the ugly truth that capitalism and the materialistic world distort honesty and moral ethics. The play is a guide toward contemporary themes foreseen of the twentieth century, which are veiled with greed, power, and betrayal. Miller’s influence with the play spreadRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller949 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman can be described as modern tragedy portraying the remaining days in the life of Willy Loman. This story is very complex, not only because of it’s use of past and present, but because of Willy’s lies that have continued to spiral out of control throughout his life. Arthur Miller puts a modern twist on Aristotle’s definition of ancient Greek tragedy when Willy Loman’s life story directly identifies the fatal flaw of the â€Å"American Dream†. Willy Loman’s tragic flaw can be recappedRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller846 Words   |  4 PagesA Dime a Dozen The Death of a Salesman is a tragedy written by playwright Arthur Miller and told in the third person limited view. The play involves four main characters, Biff, Happy, Linda, and Willy Loman, an ordinary family trying to live the American Dream. Throughout the play however, the family begins to show that through their endeavors to live the American Dream, they are only hurting their selves. The play begins by hinting at Willy’s suicidal attempts as the play begins with Linda askingRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller Essay2538 Words   |  11 PagesSurname 1 McCain Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date: Death of a Salesman Death of a salesman is a literature play written by American author Arthur Miller. The play was first published in the year 1949 and premiered on Broadway in the same year. Since then, it has had several performances. It has also received a lot of accordances and won numerous awards for its literature merit including the coveted Pulitzer for drama. The play is regarded by many critics as the perfectRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2081 Words   |  9 Pages#1 â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller is a tragedy, this play has only two acts and does not include scenes in the acts. Instead of cutting from scene to scene, there is a description of how the lighting focuses on a different place or time-period, which from there, they continue on in a different setting. The play doesn’t go in chronological order. A lot of the play is present in Willy’s flashbacks or memories of events. This provides an explanation of why the characters are acting a certainRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By Arthur Miller1475 Words   |  6 Pagesto death to achieve their so- called American dream. They live alone and there is no love of parents and siblings. They may have not noticed the America dream costs them so much, which will cause a bigger regret later. In the play Death of Salesman, Arthur Miller brings a great story of a man who is at very older age and still works hard to achieve his desire, which is the American dream. Later, he no tices that his youth is gone and there is less energy in his body. Willy Loman is a salesman, who

The Tradition Of Wisdom And Immortality And How God...

Wisdom literature is unlike previous wisdom writings in Israel by its thematic approach and emphasis on salvation history and immortality and how God rewards the sufferings of the just. Through these narratives light is thrown on the struggles of Judaism in the Greek and Roman eras, upholding values and the fight against pagan ideas; monotheism versus polytheism (Boadt:1984) There are many examples of Wisdom literature found in the Old Testament including I Kings 20:11; Jeremiah 23:28; 31:29. Historians believe the transition from oral sayings to literary wisdom took place in Egypt at approximately 2500 BC and in Sumer shortly afterward. Throughout the Near East, a class of scribes or wise men arose who were highly honoured for creating and/or collecting and refining wise sayings (Ecclesiastes 12:9). This was usually done under the patronage of the court or the temple leaders. The sources of these sayings may originally have been from tribal wisdom, instruction in schools or wise sayings circulated among the nobility. Two of Israel s kings are credited with vitally important contributions in this area: Solomon (I Kings 4:29-34) and Hezekiah (Proverbs 25:1). By the 7th century BC the wise man had gained sufficient prominence in Judah to attain a class distinction equal to prophet or priest (Jeremiah 8:8-9; 18:18). The book of Psalms (praises) is wisdom literature in hymn form. The Psalms are 150 sacred songs, composed for the greater part by David or during his reign,Show MoreRelatedThe Debate Of Wisdom Literature2468 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Wisdom literature has long been part of the Jewish tradition with a large section of the Old Testament devoting itself to it. Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Sirach, the Wisdom of Solomon, and the Wisdom Psalms make up this literature. Job, dates from the tenth century B,C and has a philosophical and theological reflection on why the righteous suffer. The suggestion is that this is an orderly made cosmos and ultimately all injustices will be turned to good. Proverbs, written in its finalRead MoreThe Between Wisdom, Righteousness And Religious Devotion2462 Words   |  10 PagesWisdom literature has long been part of the Jewish tradition with a large section of the Old Testament devoting itself to it. Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Sirach, the Wisdom of Solomon, and the Wisdom Psalms such as 33 and 107 make up this literature. Job, dates from the tenth century B,C and has a philosophical and theological reflection on why the righteous suffer. The proposition is that this is an orderly made cosmos and ultimately all injustices will be turned to good. Proverbs, written inRead MoreThe Evolution of Jewish Belief in the Afterlife Essay3779 Words   |  16 Pageswithout dying, like Elijah and Enoch, but it doesnt say where they went. In __________________, it talks about people going to the netherworld. I couldnt help but wonder - if Jewish people believe in an afterlife, why is the Torah so vague and how did their beliefs develop? The Jewish faith has lacked a central authority that governs doctrine since the disappearance of the Sanhedrin. Therefore, one can not talk about Jewish belief in absolute terms. Jewish theology varies greatly betweenRead MoreThe Philosophy of Happiness11705 Words   |  47 PagesWe may do other things for the sake of happiness, but we cannot be happy as a means to some other goal. You may find, perhaps, that being cheerful helps you to make money, and for that reason you resolutely adopt a cheerful frame of mind. But that just shows, Aristotle would say, that cheerfulness is something different from happiness, and if your ultimate aim is to make money for its own sake, what that indicates is that you believe (wrongly) that happiness is to be found in riches. Happiness, heRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pages WISDOM, HUMOR, AND FAITH: A HISTORICAL VIEW Walter G. Moss Table of Contents (with links) Walter G. Moss 1 Table of Contents (with links) 1 Wisdom, Perspective, and Values 2 Humor’s Contribution to Wisdom 4 Humor and Wisdom in Europe: Some Highlights 5 Renaissance Humor: Erasmus, Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakespeare 5 Two European Russians: Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Soloviev 9 Reflections on Humor from Nietzsche to the Theatre of the Absurd 12 Humor and Wisdom in the United States: Lincoln, BeecherRead MoreEssay on The Odyssey21353 Words   |  86 Pagesthe work. Penelope - the much-enduring wife of Odysseus and the patient mother of Telemachus. If travel is Odysseus test, staying home is Penelopes. She keeps home and family intact until Odysseus can return to claim his rights. The suffering she undergoes and the tricks that she employs to keep her suitors at bay bear testimony to her power of endurance and love for her son and husband. Telemachus - Odysseus son. A mere child when his father left for the Trojan War, TelemachusRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 Pagesï » ¿ RESEARCH TOPIC An Analytic Review Of Shakespearean Influence On Faulkner s Tragedy RESEARCH QUESTION How Shakespeare tragic patterns influenced on William Faulkner s writings? NAME: SYEDA AMBREEN FATIMA FATHER’S NAME: SYED HASAN AKHTER SEAT NO: 1315793 ENROLMENT NO: 2013/ENG/M.A(LIT)/15681 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 28TH NOV 2013 SUBMITTED TO: MISS SAMREENRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 PagesReferences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 86 Appendix E - Chapter 100 - Visual Sequence Protocol References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 92 Appendix F Episode 100 (2:02-6:17) -Visual Sequence Protocol References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 111 1. Introduction The story of how the Buddhist monk Sanzang (ä ¸â€°Ã¨â€" ), accompanied by his disciples Sun Wukong (Ã¥ ­â„¢Ã¦â€šÅ¸Ã§ © º), Zhu Bajie (çÅ' ªÃ¥â€¦ «Ã¦Ë†â€™), Sha Wujing (æ ²â„¢Ã¦â€šÅ¸Ã¥â€¡â‚¬) and Yulong Santaizi (玉é ¾â„¢Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥ ­ ), traveled to the Western Regions to obtain the sacred scriptures is well-known among Chinese of all ages. InRead MoreFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 Pagesrequires publicists, professors, ministers, and literati who help to establish the societys conventional wisdom the boundaries of permissible debate about human nature and the social order. Outside those boundaries opinions can be labeled tasteless, irresponsible, and in general unworthy of serious consideration. Even if ordinary people do not consciously embrace the conventional wisdom, it shapes their tacit assumptions in subtle ways. One thinks, for example, of Theodore Roosevelts remarkRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRat ing Scale 166 Comparison Data 166 Source of Personal Stress 166 3 SOLVING PROBLEMS ANALYTICALLY AND CREATIVELY 167 SKILL ASSESSMENT 168 Diagnostic Surveys for Creative Problem Solving 168 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 168 How Creative Are You ? 169 Innovative Attitude Scale 171 Creative Style Assessment 172 SKILL LEARNING 174 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 174 Steps in Analytical Problem Solving 174 Defining the Problem 174 Generating Alternatives 176 Evaluating

Female Mill Workers in England and Japan Free Essays

Ariana Delgado History, B Mr. Carmer March 24, 2013 Comparing Workers in England and Japan The Industrial Revolution was the greatest transforming event in human history. Big factors in the revolution were the human figures. We will write a custom essay sample on Female Mill Workers in England and Japan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such as exhausted laborers pouring molten steel or the eight year old child working with a bottling machine. But the main focus will be the women and young girls in the textile industry of England and Japan. Most spinning and weaving for the textile industry were done in homes and small shops but a big change in human history was when process of spinning and weaving were moved to factories and done by machine. Because women and young girls have such nimble fingers they were perfect for operating the machines since they required special skills. In England the textile revolution began around 1760 and a series of inventions changed the way cloth was made in England. Many of the inventions were replacing hand weaving and spinning and moved to the factories. As textile manufactures went from the home to the factory, so did thousands of English women. In Japan the revolution began in 1868 when a teen-age emperor, Mutsuhito took over a new power in Japanese government. The goal was to make Japan an equal to western nations. To accomplish this, they began to invest in coal mines, textile mills, shipyards and many others. Technology for the investments already existed it was more of a question of seeking out advice. This is when European experts were invited to Japan to advise the Japanese on how to establish industry. In conclusion, European and Japanese female mill workers were very similar and critical to the rise in power. Some examples of differences between female mill workers are wage, age and working conditions. How to cite Female Mill Workers in England and Japan, Essay examples

Tutor Marked for Summative Evaluation Proposal-myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theTutor Marked for Summative Evaluation Proposal. Answer: Introduction Research is an instrumental part of understanding social issues. However, conducting sociological investigations is a challenging task because of the dynamic attribute of the society. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), it is vital for researchers to adopt research designs that aim at eradicating partiality. Although Rubin and Babbie (2016) point out that it is impossible to have a perfect research design, it is essential to ensure that the research outcomes and interpretations are valid and reliable. This summative evaluation proposal analyzes the research bias in adopting the one group pretest-posttest design proposed and suggests a suitable approach to attain the directors directives. Research Bias in Adopting One Group Pretest-Posttest Design The one group pretest-posttest design is widely applied because of its simplicity and time consciousness. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), this methodology entails measuring the dependent variable in a single group in a pretest, then, administering the trial stimuli and post-measuring the dependent variable in the posttest. The image below is an illustration of how a one group pretest-posttest method operates. Source: (Rubin Babbie, 2016,p. 254) However, scholars have disparaged this procedure claiming that it is biased. Particularly, the one group pretest-posttest framework has been faulted for its bias and threats to internal validity. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), the one group pretest-posttest design fails to consider other factors that affect research outcome other than the stimuli utilized in the study. Logically, the society is not static. In this respect, there is a high possibility of externalities altering the observations. For instance, in the case of the community program, externalities like prior knowledge, an interaction between study subjects, and employers preferences can affect the employability skills evaluation and time taken to secure a job. Additionally, the method compromises internal validity. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), internal validity in this methodology is affected by maturation, testing, and instrumentation. Maturation refers to the alteration in observations due to changes in time. There are some employability skills which develop with time. For example, a skill like communication evolves with time. In this respect, since the one group pretest-posttest method lacks a control group, it is impossible to rule out the effect of maturation on the research outcomes. On the other hand, the act of giving the study group a pretest can have a significant implication on the posttest results. For example, taking an employability skills test for the second time can cause an improved performance which might not be due to the effectiveness of the training program. A person taking a test for the second time is likely to score higher than one who is tackling it for the first time. Instrumentation is another factor that imposes bias and lowers internal validity when using a one group pretest-posttest method. The instruments used to make the observations are essential in exhibiting the effect of the stimuli on the study subject. For instance, in the case of the community assessment, the people who will be offering the training are not the ones giving out the employment. In this respect, the variation in skills required by different employers can affect the results of the study. Since the one group pretest-posttest method lacks randomization, it entails assignment bias. Consequently, this research design will not be sufficient in addressing the two research objectives outlined for the community assessment study. Recommended Design The posttest-only control group research design is the best method for this assessment. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), the posttest-only control group method provides optimum control for threats to internal validity by randomly assigning the study participants to experimental and control groups. Notably, the control group was lacking in the one group pretest-post test approach. The essence of having a control group is to make comparisons of the effects of the treatment applied to the study subjects. Additionally, the random allocation of the study subjects minimizes the selection bias. For example, in the community study, participants will be randomly allocated to the groups. The reason for randomizing group allocation is to come up with varied study participants. In fact, the posttest-only control group design addresses almost all the bias and internal validity concerns raised while using the one group pretest-posttest strategy. Firstly, Rubin and Babbie (2016) point out that the posttest-only control group framework solves the maturation issues. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), if the maturation can influence the study observations, then, it should be influential in both the experimental and the control groups. Since the maturation effect is observed in both groups, its effects on the study outcomes and interpretation become insignificant. Additionally, randomization eliminates any significant differences between the experimental and control groups. In this respect, both groups are regarded as equal before the application of the training program. Moreover, Rubin and Babbie (2016) posit that since random assignment is used in the posttest-only control group research design, statistical regression effects are suppressed. In the posttest-only control group design, bias introduced by the pretest is eliminated. As earlier elaborated, pretesting can have a significant impact on how the study subjects respond to the posttest. In this case, the posttest-only control group method ensures that all the changes observed in the study emanate from the effects of the stimuli applied. Furthermore, for the community study objectives, it is impossible to pretest some of the activities. For instance, it is challenging to pretest time used to find employment. Consequently, using the posttest-only control group design eradicates these comp lications. Assumptions in Implementing the Posttest-only Control Group Design In any research study, it is difficult to control all the factors that can alter the outcomes. Particularly, in social studies which occur in uncontrolled environments, researchers must make some assumption in their studies. Unlike laboratory- based experiments where all conditions can be controlled, the society is more complex to manage. In the posttest-only control group study, it is assumed that the random assignment of subjects removes any significant initial variations between the experimental and control groups(Rubin Babbie, 2016). Remember, all research studies are supposed to be impartial, and randomization is used to pursue this course.Additionally, in this method, its is assumed that any interactions between the two study groups will not have significant implications on the result. In a community set-up, one cannot completely restrict the interaction between the study subjects. Cultural Competence and Ethics In Evaluation Study When dealing with individuals from varying cultural backgrounds, it is vital to observe the appropriate cultural competency and ethical standards. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), cultural competence implies being conscious of and responding appropriately to how cultural variations and factors influence research and its interpretations. The person conducting an investigation should appreciate that cultures differ and people attach value to their cultures. In this respect, all the tools and procedures that are utilized in conducting social research must illustrate high levels of cultural competence and ethics. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), involving sufficient and representative participants from minority and oppressed population is one of the ways of illustrating cultural competency. Researchers should not discriminate a given section of a population. Instead, researchers should focus on attaining equality when selecting their study subjects. With scientists striving at attaining both internal and external validity in their studies, it is essential to use study subjects that reflect the diverse attributes of the community. In this respect, this evaluation study will ensure that its participants reflect the status of the community. Additionally, the assessment will avoid any elements ethnocentrism. The use of cultural stereotypes introduces bias and affects the validity of research outcomes. Additionally, before conducting the evaluation, it will be vital to seek permission from the community leaders and members. Seeking the consent of the participating community is a crucial way of ensuring that a study agrees with ethical standards (Rubin Babbie, 2016). Apart from ensuring equality and seeking the consent of the community, this evaluation will also use approved methodologies to address its objectives. According to Rubin and Babbie (2016), ethically oriented studies should use methods that are acceptable in the field of practice. In this respect, the evaluation will utilize internationally recognized research methods and maintain the confidentiality of involved subjects. The evaluation will take several actions to ensure that it is conducted in a way that is sensitive and appropriate for low-income families. Firstly, the participants will be adequately compensated during the research period. Secondly, transportation will be provided for all the participating individuals during the assessment period. Additionally, the ministry will source for employers where the members can apply for employment after the evaluation period. The evaluation will also be designed in a way that it does not harm the participants healthwise. Finally, the ministry will offer additional insight to the community members on ways of increasing their income. Importantly, all these strategies are directed towards improving the economic position of the participating community. Conclusion Conclusively, it is essential to use research methods that optimize validity and reliability. Despite the one group pretest-posttest approach using limited resources, it compromises internal validity. In this respect, using the posttest-only control group design will ensure that the observations are valid. Furthermore, the evaluation will comply with all the ethical requirements in conducting social research and ensure that it is sensitive to the needs of the participating low-income families. References Rubin, A., Babbie, E. R. (2016). Empowerment Series: Research Methods for Social Work (9th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.

The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California

Introduction Cannabis sativa L. is a plant that appears naturally in most of the states and all over the world. The plant has been associated with a lot of benefits and other uses by people from all walks of life. Medically, the plant has been proven to possess a lot of medical benefits as it can be used in manufacture of drugs with curative nature and also has various other medical benefits.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marijuana is the name given to the plant and all its components and products including its leaves, stem, roots, seeds and all the other products obtained from it, both when it is growing and even when it has been cut and dried. On the other side, marijuana has been used by individuals in different ways, especially for social uses such as recreation, reducing stress and other uses (Pacula 1). The drug has been outlawed in all the states in the USA. However, there remains a large percentage of the population that still relies on the drug for their daily living, either by engaging in its use or by engaging in its business. The Marijuana business has been operating underground and unlawfully. However, studies have shown that the business has been in a constant state of a boom and has been estimated to amount to millions of dollars. In this way, those operating the business have been able to make great earnings especially since there are no cost implications on them in terms of taxes and other legal requirements (RAND 1). Legalization of Marijuana It has been a common debate in most of the states as to whether Marijuana should be legalized and inscribed in the state laws hence allowing it to be used freely, just like any other item in the market. In this way, the law will give a provision for legality of the marijuana market and also for all the undertakings concerned with t he drug, including registration and taxation of all businesses, protection of those using the drugs in the right way and also a way to deal with all the crimes associated with the drugs. In addition, the states shall be able to lay restrictions on the drug, hence ensuring the citizens use the drugs more responsible and in a humane way (RAND 1). The California state is one of the states that have embraced the idea of legalizing the drug and even inscribing it in the list of the allowed social drugs together with alcohol and cigarettes. In this way, it has been believed that the drug will act as a source of revenue for the government in terms of the taxes collected as well as a source of employment and income for many.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The step will also ensure citizens who follow the law to the letter and do not cause trouble to others are protected even if th ey use the drug. Moreover, citizens will embrace the use of the drug more responsibly avoiding any cases that may require jailing, probation and medical expenses for treatment of abuse of the drug (Pacula 1). Hence, there is a need for the state of California, as well as the other states in the USA, to embrace legalization of Marijuana since this will have a lot of benefits both to the citizens and to the state eventually instead of use of the drug illegally which results to serious and undeserved penalties to those caught and also leads to loss of billions of dollars per year I n government revenue that would have been collected from the marijuana business. Effect of the Legalization on Demand It has been predicted that if the government legalizes the drug, there will be a lot of changes pertaining to the demand for the drug in the market and as a result, there will be a lot of restructuring in the marijuana market. Currently, due to the control and illegality of the use of the dru g as well as the strictness from the enforcers of the law in the state which includes heavy penalties and possible imprisonment of those involved in possession, sale or use of the drug, many of the people who wish to use the drug in a reasonable way have evaded its use. These restrictions from the government have acted as an incentive to the use of the drug and hence many either just avoid its use or carry out illegal activities associated to the drug. In fact, there have been a lot of underground undertakings in the market leading to large illegal underground markets for the drug. In these markets, there are a lot of people involved in the sale and purchase of the drug, though usually in disguise so as to avoid detection by the law enforcers. However, most of the citizens are not able to act on the platform of the underground undertakings since they are involve a lot of risk and hence are quite dangerous. This has left the whole business in the hands of very cunning and dangerous g angs that undertake the sale and distribution of the drug and actually are armed in a manner to try and face any opposition from the law enforcers, posing a lot of risk and un rest to the law enforcers and the state at large (Deist 1). On the other side, it has been observed that with legalization of the drug, there will be a lot of sanity in the market and elimination of illegal gangs that are involved in the market hence allowing the drug to be sold freely and in a safer way. This will improve the image of the marijuana market and attract more clients who will in return opt to use the drug more responsible and without carrying out any illegal undertakings (Whitcomb 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The demand for the drug is hence bound to increase in a great way as many will not be afraid of getting involv ed in its sale. This ay, there will be a larger market for the sales, even as the already existing market gets boosted due to its legalization. There are many factors that are attributed to an increase in the demand for marijuana. First, the increased demand will increase the prices for the drug causing more people to be involved in growing and supplying the product, a factor that is bound to result in an eventual lowering of the price for the drugs and hence stableness in the market. On the other side, the market will have a greater base for its returns and will also result to a more sources of revenues for the government. In addition, the market will force a competition between traders resulting to an improvement of the quality offered and the way it is delivered. In this way, the drug will be used more responsibly and will hence have more advantages to the entire society (Robak 1). Effect on supply The legalization of marijuana in the state of California will have a large effect on the supply of the product in the market. The main effect is that it will result to more people wishing to venture into the trade since it is associated with a lot of cash flow as well as high returns gotten from sale of the naturally according drug. In this way, even farmers will wish to plant more plants and hence increase their harvests since the plants require less inputs and less attention but have a lot of returns and do not require any further processing, except in the medical cases. In the normal circumstances, the plants are harvested and then dried before being packaged and supplied to the market. The high prices in the market places will hence attract many farmers who will wish to be involved in the production of the drug and then supply it to the market (Preston and Tracy 17). In addition, legalization of the drug will result to more people getting involved in the sale and distribution of the drug in the market in a legal and right way. This will lead to a high competi tion among the suppliers resulting to increased supply and consecutively a lowered price for the drugs. This will also ensure the dealers in the marijuana industry adhere to the law and avoid evasion of taxes, a factor that will lead to collection of more revenue for the government (Whitcomb1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Elasticity of demand and supply The increased demand and increased supply will have an overall effect of undergoing oscillations of a rise and a fall in the prices of marijuana. This market will hence be demand and supply driven, where prices will be fully dependent on the demand and the supply of the drug as well as the competition between dealers. Therefore, due to a competitive market, the demand and supply will become more elastic resulting to a more stable market that will be more reliable by those carrying out the trade, the customers who buy the marijuana and even to the government especially in terms of collection of taxes and duties associated to the trade. Other factors There are various other factors that will change due to the legalization of the trade and use of marijuana. In the onset, there will be less involvement of illegal gangs being associated to the trade and use of the drug. This will result to an improved security to all involved in the marijuana use and trade , the law enforcers and even the citizens at large. Also, there is a possibility of lowered spending by the government on law enforcement changing the way it has been before. Therefore, less people will be arrested as associated to the drug and therefore the government can divert the funds to more constructive ways. On the other side, there will be a lot of registration of those involved in the trade of the drugs as well as taxation on such a trade. This will result to increased sources of revenue for the government leading to more development in the economy (Deist 1). Finally, citizens will be able to embrace the use of the drug and hence use it more responsible in the social, recreational and even medical aspects. Conclusions California has many reasons to consider while dealing with the issue on whether or not to legalize marijuana in the state. Eventually, the state will be able to save a lot on its budget as well as earn more revenue from the trade. On the other side, the state will save its citizens a lot of problems as it also gives them a chance to venture into the business and also to exercise the trade and use of the drug in a more responsible and beneficial way. Works Cited Deist, Charlie. Why Marijuana Freedom Is Good Fiscal Policy. 10 July 2010. Web. Pacula, Rosalie. Legalizing Marijuana: issues to consider before reforming Califonia Law. RAND website. 15 Aug. 2009. Web. RAND Corporation. Legalizing marijuana in California would lower the price of the drug and increase use, study  finds. 11 March 2010. Web. Preston, Lee, and Brian Tracy. Introduction to Economic Analysis. London: John Willey Sons, 2006. Print. Robak, Warren. Study Finds Legalizing Marijuana In California Would Lower The Price Of The Drug And Increase Use. 7 April 2010. Web. This report on The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California was written and submitted by user Braiden V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Accept the Effect

Accept the Effect Accept the Effect Accept the Effect By Catherine Osborn AFFECT/EFFECT These words give writers trouble since the two can be both a noun and a verb, although affect is typically verb and effect, noun. Normally, you will use affect to denote influence. For example: If I play music will it affect your studying? Affect used as a noun means emotion. On the other hand, effect, which is more commonly used as a noun, relates to the consequence or result. The effects of the drug have long since worn off. As a verb, it means to cause or to accomplish: The tornado effected a change in our plan. ACCEPT/EXCEPT Another couple of closely related words which mean different things are accept and except. Accept will refer to receiving or approval of something. I accept your apology. Except refers to an exclusion, as in, not including. I took all those classes except math. Because they sound so similar, these words often become interchanged when we write but meaning two different things, they can really botch a sentence’s meaning! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)How to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

American vs. European Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American vs. European Education - Research Paper Example However, it is not merely the United States educational system that has changed as it is important for the reader to understand that the past 250 years of history have provided deep and intrinsic changes to the European system as well (Ingrassia 669). Nations have been born and have been absorbed, forms of government experimented and failed; ultimately, this has led to a nebulous and ever-evolving approach that Europeans have sought to contend with. Whereas the American approach has changed a great deal over the past several decades, it can be definitively argued by the researcher that the American model is more or less unchanged when compared to the European model (Kim 69). From the sociological perspective, it has been observable that the European individual approach to education is much different from the way that the individual and parental approach has evolved in the United States. For instance, from a review of the extant literature, researchers have noted that with regards to the European system, the parent is more likely to provide a supportive and encouraging role but not typically be overbearing and highly involved; choosing instead to praise accountability and personal efforts as the ultimate good (Sy et al 15). Conversely, the same researchers have noted that with respect to the United States system of education, parental involvement on the whole is something of a mainstay; causing the educational system to be predicated on the somewhat untenable grounds of the combination of shareholder emotions, feelings, and needs. Although it is not the intention of this author to make a series of value judgments with regards to what system has the most value for the shareholders, it is impossible not to point out... This paper approves that the approaches themselves cannot be counted as right or wrong; rather, they are merely indicative of the sociological and geographic separation that defines the means by which the respective systems have evolved. However, regardless of the lack of the researcher’s ability to make a value judgment on one being better than the other, it is highly interesting to note that when the systems were combined, the shareholders were able to experience an increase in educational attainment and efficiency. This synergy between the systems bodes well for the educator that might be seeking to combine certain elements of the European approach into his/her practical application of knowledge. The researchers conversely described the key components of the European approach as Humboldtian idealism. However, when the two were mixed and after the growing pains ceased, all individuals involved experienced a higher degree of efficiency and information transfer as compared to before. This essay says that the research has sought out a model of a mixed approach to education as it exists within the system so that the author and the reader may draw a level of inference with regards to how well these two can harmoniously exist. With reference to the mixed model, the student has selected the University of Leipzig in Germany. This particular combinational approach has created a great deal of growing pains for the students and the other shareholders within the system of education; however, ultimately, it appears to be experiencing a resounding degree of success.

Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Report - Essay Example More importantly, the course has provided me with tools for creativity and for solving problems within the business environment through the successful application of these tools and ideas. The practical application of the creativity and innovation tools has enabled me to have a wider knowledge on how to approach problems in my career and in business and come up with solutions to solve the problems. Through the module, I was able to learn the importance of creativity and how it affects performance and failures in contemporary business practice as well as how to manage them. For instance from the theory of Zeger Degraeve I have learnt on how to create an organizational culture that fosters the business belief of taking risks, experimentation and innovation and he need to focus on the qualities of decision making rather than the outcomes alone. Through the theory of Zeger, I have learnt that the results of decisions is irrelevant as a measure of decision quality as the difference between the time lapse of the decision itself and the realization of the results. In the course of the module and on the basis of Zeger’s theories, I have learnt that the quality of decision is measured at the moment the decision is made as decision-making is always a process is based on valuing the alternatives at the moment they are available and the present information. I have also learnt that the process of making decisions is a reflective and analytical and must embrace the tenets of effective communication. In any business, my personal lessons from this theory is that one should be judged by the quality of their performance and that progress in the career should reflect our intrinsic quality of our contribution to the business in terms of decisions. I have also managed to grasp ideas on the stages of team development from the five-step analysis given by Tuckman as these are necessary for the team in handling the

Family in Europe History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Family in Europe History - Coursework Example These large extended families were contrasted sharply with the emerging nuclear families of the industrial age as a means of attempting to re-capture a by-gone age of greater social responsibility and control. By couching the family in such terms, these sociologists were encouraging the reinstatement of the patriarch as the dictator of the family, determining the best course of action for each member of the family through his choice of heir, thus determining which child would be permitted to marry and reproduce, as well as subsuming any and all inclinations of the women of the household who were never permitted to inherit and were seen to pass into the possession of another family if and when she did get married. This reduced her value to little more than a bargaining chip with other families in search of wives for their sons and precluded any individuality for her or any of her other younger siblings. These models took their support from contentions that the agrarian society necessa rily consisted from time immemorial to have consisted of large extended families living in multi-generational households all working together for the common good. Historical-statistical analysis proves that the major contention of the pre-industrial family models proposed by Le Play and others is false. Analysis reveals that the average family size beginning as early as the seventeenth century was typically no larger than four or five persons per household. This was compared with the average size of households in more modern times, which was found to be closer to three persons per household, which does not reflect the tremendous differences claimed by earlier sociologists. In addition, statistical analysis has demonstrated that the reduction in family size did not occur in conjunction with the Industrial Revolution but only began to occur as living conditions and other events

Toll Road Development in Indonesia

Toll Road Development in Indonesia In Indonesia, road is classified into Public Road and Toll Road. Public road means the road provided for general traffic. Road itself mean land transportation infrastructure that comprises all parts of the road, including the supplementary building along with the equipment thereof dedicated for transportation. Meanwhile the definition of Toll Road in Indonesia is public road that become part of a road network system and as a national road in which the users are required to pay toll Function of Toll Road in Indonesia Based on Law 38/2004 and Government Regulation 15/2005, toll road has position and function described as the following : The toll road is operated to: a. ensures an obstructed traffic in a developed area; b. increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the goods and services distribution service in order to improve the economic development; c. alleviate the financial burden of the Government by means of including the participation of the road user; and d. to improve the equal distribution of the results of development and justice. The toll road shall be managed by the Government and/or a business entity that is qualified to do so. The user of a toll road shall be subjected to a mandatory requirement of paying a fee for the toll to be used as a return of investment, maintenance and development of the toll road. Requirement of Toll Road The toll road shall have a higher specification, higher safety and convenience service levels than those of the existing public roads which have requirement as follows: The toll road used for intercity traffic shall be designed at least eighty (80) kilometers per hour, and a toll road in urban areas shall be designed at a speed plan of at least sixty (60) kilometers per hour. The toll road shall be designed to enable it to hold the heaviest axle of eight (8) tons at the lowest; Each toll road link shall have railings and be served by crossing facilities in the form of bridges of tunnels. The pints which may be dangerous to toll road users shall be equipped with safety structures with the strengths and structures that are able to absorb vehicle crash energy. Economic Function of Toll Road The main principle economic function of toll road is based on achieving economic optimum that can be described as follows : Policy to encourage road network development and its benefits, as well as balanced inter-regional development Ensuring equal distribution of development activities and gains, and equilibrium in area development with due principle of justice, Increasing the efficiency of distribution services for improvement of the economy particularly in the more developed areas Ease the financial burden of the government through road user participation Decreasing congestion in highly growth regions resulting efficient travel times and low vehicle operating costs Concept of Public Private Partnership (PPP) The term of public-private partnership was used first time in the United States to definite correlation between joint public and private sector for educational programs for urban renewal in the 1950s until 1960s(Yescombe 2007). In fact, there is no single or uniformed definition of PPP in the world including in Indonesia. According to Delmon (2009) PPP is defined as an arrangements between public and private entities for delivery of infrastructure services and are seen as a way of raising additional funds for infrastructure investments but more importantly as a means to extend or leverage better budget funding through efficiency gains. In UK, PPP is explained as an arrangement by which a government service or private business venture is funded and operated through a partnership of government and the private sector. (NAO 2009) The term PPP covers a range of different structures which can be used to deliver a project or a service. The term can cover a spectrum from relatively short term management contracts; through concession contracts; to joint ventures and partial privatizations where there is a sharing of ownership between the public and private sectors which depend on the country and the politics of the time. PPP fills a space between traditionally procured government projects with governments budget and full privatization with privates budget, where government no longer has a direct role in ongoing operations. PPP enables to develop projects which do not have enough profitability with revenues only from projects and are not self-sustaining. Under traditional public sector approach, the public sector designs, builds, operates, and maintains infrastructure, and sets level of quantity and standards of service quality, while under privatization approach, the private sector conducts all of these aspects in place of the public sector. Under PPP approach, the public sector is ultimately accountable for service provisions, although the private sector designs, builds, operates There are various characteristics of PPP as follows: PPP is an arrangement between public and private sector. Usually, it takes form of Contract or Agreement. PPP is applied as a method for provision of public services. Public Services in this definition, are not limited to road services. Public sector remains responsible for the project because a PPP project is operated to deliver public services specified by public sectors. PPP often includes investment and construction of facilities by private sectors. But there can be PPP which does not include facility construction. PPP is applied only when it delivers Value for Money. It means adoption of PPP is recommended if it can bring larger benefits to the public compared to other means of project. PPPs can follow a variety of structures and contractual formats. However, all PPPs incorporate three key characteristics: A contractual agreement defining the roles and responsibilities of the parties, Sensible risk-sharing among the public and the private sector partners, and Financial rewards to the private party commensurate with the achievement of pre specified outputs. PPP is one tool available for decision makers in reforming infrastructure or service delivery. It is most effective way when it is accompanied by other reform activities to underpin and reinforce the PPP and to support sustainable improvement. A successful PPP is designed with careful attention to the context or the enabling environment within which the partnership will be implemented. Where the operating environment can be reformed to be more conducive to the goals of PPP, this should be accomplished. Where elements of the operating context cannot be changed, the PPP design must be tailored to accommodate existing conditions. To be successful, PPP must be built upon a sector diagnostic that provides a realistic assessment of the current sector constraints. Specifically, the sector diagnostic will cover: (1) technical issues; (2) legal, regulatory, and policy frameworks; (3) Institutional and capacity status; and (4) Commercial, financial, and economic issues. Objectives of PPP The prime objective of government in using PPP is to achieve improved value for money, or improved services for the same amount of money as the public sector would spend. Besides that, other objective is desiring to provide increased infrastructure provision and services within imposed budgetary constraints by utilizing private sources of finance, if possible, via off balance sheet structures or to accelerate delivery of projects which might otherwise have to be delayed. The Main Principles of PPP According(Agency 2012) in Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) of Road Project, the main principles of PPP are: a. Transfer of Risk The risk allocation between every stakeholder must be well informed therefore every party both government and private know every risk on staging of toll road development such as design, construction and operation/maintenance, including financing of its project. b. Value for Money The government has authority to determine the economical and financial of project, in using government money and private money or combination both of them. c. Managerial Responsibility Private sector have capability and responsibility to manage, operate and maintain of road project d. Payment for Service For road project that full financed by government, the staging of road development is carried out by Private Sector. The Government has authority to regulate and monitor every progress of its staging. Government will pay the private sector based on performance of project and has right to terminate project if it is needed. e. Partnership The government and private are committed to cooperate in practice to get efficient and effective result. f. Private-sector Innovation By understanding risk factors in road project, the private sector has used innovation for efficiency of road development staging. The Private Sector concept encourages a productive partnership between the public and private sectors, by using private capital and commercial expertise to fund initial construction and long-term maintenance of Private Sector roads in operation year. Investment Concept Regarding (Horngren 1994) investment decisions concerning long-term plan for the use of capital (capital budgeting) consist of six staging process: (1) identification stage, choosing type of investment suitable with organizational objective, (2) search stage, seeking alternative investment capital that can meet the organizational goals, (3) information-acquisition stage, searching data and qualitative and quantitative analysis of various alternative investment capital, (4) selection stage, choosing one capital investments based on financial analysis by the method: discounted cash flow ( net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR)), payback and accrual accounting rate or return, (5) financing stage and (6) implementation and control stage. Those all concepts shall be directly apply to initial investment concept, including Public Private Partnership Risk Allocation in Public Private Partnership Definition of Risk In term definition, risk is unpredictable variation in value. It includes the possibility of unexpectedly good or unexpectedly bad, outcomes. The risk of a project is unpredictable variation in the total value of the project, taking account not only of the value of the project company but also of the value accruing to customers, the government, and other stakeholders. A stakeholders risk in a project is unpredictable variation in the value of the stakeholders interest in the project. Each risk should be allocated, along with rights to make related decisions, so as to maximize total project value, taking account of each partys ability to(Irwin 2007): 1. Influence the corresponding risk factor. 2. Influence the sensitivity of total project value to the corresponding risk factor, for example, by anticipating or responding to the risk factor. 3. Absorb the risk. Risk in Public Private Partnership The purpose of the risk identification stage on toll road project is to define as extensively as possible, a list with all types and sources of risks and uncertainties that might have an impact on the project. It is a crucial stage for the risk management process, because if a risk cannot be identified, it cannot consequently be evaluated and managed. (Tanaka, et al. 2005) Toll Road project risks should be assigned to the public or private entity that is best at controlling and managing them. In most of the cases, the private sector has taken on risk associated with the design, financing, construction, operation and maintenance of facilities, general regulatory risks as well as cover for insurable force majeure events. On the other hand, the public sector has been responsible for environmental license approvals and other planning permits, right-of-way land acquisition, discriminatory regulatory risk, and uninsurable force majeure events and political risks. Risk Allocation Principles in Public Private Partnership Determination of the Concession obligations in a PPP Agreement need to conform with the risk allocation principles understood by every party . An optimal risk allocation is vital in maximizing the value for money. The common principle for risk allocation is that a risk should be allocated to party which is relatively able to manage the risk, or having the least cost of absorbing such risk. If this principle is implemented properly, it is expected that the risk premium and the project cost would be lower leading to positive impact to the project stakeholders. The implementation examples of such principle in the market are as follow: Risks which have not been managed well in the past, or those which the agency has little experience in managing, should be transferred if cost-effective, particularly where the risk can be influenced by the controlling party; Risks which are outside the control of either party, or are equally influenced by both parties (e.g. certain force majeure events) should be shared; Risks that the government can manage well, or is in a more informed position to control than the private sector (e.g. planning approvals, legislation risks) should be retained; and There may also be some risks that, while transferred, may possibly remain an exposure for the public sector (e.g. risk of sponsor default). If an event cannot be resolved satisfactorily, the government steps in and assumes full responsibility for the risk (or the project as a whole). This is appropriate where the project is delivering critical social infrastructure and associated services. Models of Risk Allocation of Public Private Partnerships One of PPPs benefits is there is possibility to share the possible risk of the project between private sector and government. On one hand, the private sector has the capability to deal with commercial risk, but on the other hand, they need to relief from non-commercial risk that beyond their control (Soedjito 2009). Models of risk allocation in public private partnership is depicted in The common models for public private partnerships are BOT and concession and the difference between these two depends on the level of support provided by the government. Risk Assessment Approaches From a review on the existing methodologies used for the evaluation and assessment of risk in the financial appraisal of projects, two main categories of approaches were identified: qualitative techniques and quantitative techniques. Qualitative Techniques Qualitative techniques have been used for compiling a list of the main risk sources and describing their likely consequences, without entering in details about the quantification of their probability of occurrence. (Merna and Njiru 2002). The next step after all sources of risk are identified is to define some kind of order of priority. On the limited time, risk assessment may be biased towards the use of relatively simple procedures such as qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques (Ward, 1999). Quantitative Techniques Quantitative techniques aim to represent the likelihood and impact of risks in terms of the usual planning measures, such as time and money (Grey, 1995). Two of the most widely used quantitative risk analysis techniques in the financial appraisal of projects are: deterministic analysis techniques and probabilistic analysis techniques (Merna and Njiru, 2002). Sensitivity analysis, as part of deterministic techniques, is probably the most representative approach among the quantitative techniques. Sensitivity analysis examines the effect of changes in the value of the models dependent variable resulting from the changes in the value of one or more of the input variables to the model. The most popular form of sensitivity analysis is the one-factor-at-the time approach, wherein the main advantage is that it allows interpretation of the results in an easily understandable way. Another form of sensitivity analysis is the scenario analysis, which recalculates the model for a combination of simultaneous changes in the input variables (Van Groenendaal and Kleijnen, 1997). Frequently, three types of scenarios are distinguished: an optimistic case, a base case, and a pessimistic case. Some of the major shortcomings of using sensitivity analysis are: 1. Equal probability of occurrence is given to all scenarios (despite the likelihood of getting some scenarios with extreme values is lower); 2. Possible inter-dependencies between the variables are ignored; 3. In big projects with many items/activities, a combination of all variables can create a too large set of scenarios. Implementation of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Indonesia Indonesian government through Ministry of Public Works based on Decree of Minister of Public Work number 567/KPTS/M/2010 operated 757.47 km and plans 4618 km of toll roads as part of the national road network divided in 5 major islands in Indonesia (see ) In the implementation of toll road development in Indonesia, there were some periods due to regulations and legislation in valid at that period of time as follows: First Period (1978 1983), Fully financed by Government funds (Government Equity). Second Period (1983 1990), Subsidiary Loan Agreement (SLA) to PT Jasa Marga (two step loan), State Own Enterprise for toll road development. Third Period (1990 1994), Cooperation with private sector using BOT scheme. Fourth Period (1994 2005), Modified BOT scheme (i.e., revenue sharing concept, land acquisition cost is part of investment cost borned by the investor). Fifth Period (2005 present), using Build Operate Transfer (BOT)/ PPP Scheme Law and Regulation for Public Private Partnership of Toll Road in Indonesia After regulatory reform with the Road Law No.38/2004 and Toll Road Government Regulation No.15/2005 allow the development of toll roads through public private partnership, including domestic and international investor. Main regulatory framework for toll roads includes law, regulations, and decrees are presented as follows: Law No. 38 of 2004 concerning Road Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No.15 of 2005 concerning Toll Road Regulation of Minister of Public Works No. 295/PRT/M/2005 Concerning Indonesia Toll Road Authority Public Work Ministerial Decree No. 369/KPTS/M/2005 on National Road Network Master Plan to include toll road network master plan Presidential Decree No. 36/2005 on Land Acquisition for Public Purpose Presidential Decree No.67/2005 on PPP Between Government and Enterprises on Infrastructure Provision Finance Ministerial Decree No.518/KMK.01/2005 on Risk Management Unit Decree of Minister of Public Work number 567/KPTS/M/2010 on Status of Toll Road in Indonesia Implementation Framework on Toll Road Project in Indonesia According to the Road Law No.38 of 2004 concerning Road and the Government Regulation No.15 of 2005 concerning Toll Road, roles and institutional framework of toll road project are defined as showed in and Figure 2.. Government of Indonesia set up Indonesia Toll Road Authority (BPJT) which has authority for preparing feasibility study, Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA), bidding documents and selecting private concessionaires. Indonesia Toll Road Authority also has duty to implement a part of toll road management in Indonesia such as set toll road concession, commercialization of toll roads, supervision of toll roads including monitoring and evaluation in Indonesia. This authority is also to deliver Public Private Partnership scheme in toll road investment. Toll Road Investment Procedure in Indonesia Procedure of toll road investment, from project preparation through sign of concession agreement, is shown in . The whole process take approximately 24 months (2 years). Then, it is followed by implementing the agreement through the whole period in accordance with the concession period agreed which vary 30 to 40 years depend on the project condition and project by project basis. AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTATION (ÂÂ ± 14 months) (ÂÂ ± 4-6 months) PREPARE PQ DOCUMENT SUBMIT PQ DOCUMENT PREPARE BID PROPOSAL SUBMIT BID PROPOSAL BID BOND RECEIVE NOTICE AWARD PRIVATE SECTOR SIGN CONTRACT PERFORMANCE BOND, LAND ACQUISITION COST, FINANCIAL CLOSURE BID CONFERENCE-BID PREPARATION PQ AND BID INVITATION PREQUALIFICATION OF BIDDER RECEIPT AND OPENING BID PROJECT PREPARATION EVALUATION OF BID APOINTMENT OF SUCCESFUL BIDDER CONSESSION AGREEMENT BPJT/GOVERMENT PREPARE SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLE Figure 2. Toll Road Investment Procedure (source: BPJT 2010) Existing PPP Model of Toll Road Project in Indonesia There are 3 (three) models that can be applied under the PPP scheme in Indonesia, depend on the economic and financial viability of the projects (Karsaman 2008). These models are shown in Figure 2. Scheme 1, where the economic viability of the toll road is good but its financial viability poor, the government take over the finance and construction of the toll road, but when it has been finished, then it will tendering for its operating maintaining to private sector. This has been applied in Tanjung Priok Access Road, Jakarta and Suramadu Bridge, East Java. Scheme 2, where the economic viability of the toll road is good but its financial viability is marginal, the Government can support Land Acquisition and partly construction cost and the private sector has to finance and constructing other part and then operate and maintain the toll road. This scheme is applied in Solo-Ngawi-Kertosono Toll Road (Central Java and East Java) case and might be applied in other links. Scheme 3, where the economic and financial viabilities of the toll road are good, the private sector has to finance and constructing all of the road and then operate and maintain it through the concession period. This scheme is applied in most of the toll road development in general. Financial Feasibility of Toll Road Investment Indikator Kelayakan yang akan dipergunakan dalam studi ini, adalah : 1. Net Present Value (NPV) Net Present Value adalah selisih antara Present Value Benefit dikurangi dengan Present Value Cost. Hasil NPV dari suatu proyek yang dikatakan layak secara finansial adalah yang menghasilkan nilai NPV bernilai positif. Dalam hal ini semua rencana akan dilaksanakan apabila NPV > 0, atau persamaan di atas memenuhi : Net Present Value (NPV) = PVBenefit PVCost = positif Hal tersebut berarti bahwa pembangunan konstruksi jalan akan memberikan keuntungan, dimana benefit/ cash flow positif akan lebih besar dari pada cost/ cash flow negatif. 2. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 3. Payback Ratio Rasio DSCR Public private partnership (PPP) are a generic term for the relationships formed between the private sector and public bodies often with the aim of introducing private sector resources and/or expertise in order to help provide and deliver public sector assets and services. The term PPP is used to describe a wide variety of working arrangements from loose, informal and strategic partnerships to design-build finance- operate (Private Sector) type service contracts and formal joint venture companies. (4Ps, UK local government procurement agency) In general, the basic concept of toll road development and management are as follows.1 The Government establishes Master Plan of Toll Road Network as a guidance of toll road development, while the toll road links will be determined by the Minister. Government holds authority of toll road development, where as parts of the authority concerning toll road business are being executed by Indonesia Toll Road Authority BPJT (Task and authorities of BPJT are described in Minister of Public Works Regulation No.295/PRT/M/2005.) Toll road business can be financed by the Government and/or qualified business entity. Financing by Government is for the toll road links that economically feasible, but not financially feasible. Financing by business entity is for toll road links which are both economically and financially feasible. Under particular conditions, where the toll road can not be developed by business entities, the Government will take proper action in accordance with the authorities. Initial tariff will be established by Minister as stated in concession agreement. The tariff will be adjusted every two years based on inflation index, an determined by the Minister. Procurement of either part of all aspects of toll road operation will be done through an open and transparent tender process. Land acquisition is responsibility of the Government, however its budget can be provided by Government and/or business entity.

Capital Punishment and the Bible Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ess

Capital Punishment and the Bible      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment has always been an arguable issue and for good reason. The Old Testament clearly calls for the death penalty on many occasions, whereas; many of the teachings of Jesus and others in the New testament readily denounce it.   Therefore, both advocates ands opponents of capital punishment have Biblical references to support their beliefs.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opponents use the creation story to show that all are created in God's image.   Genesis 1:27a states that â€Å"God created man in his image.†1   God, thus, has the power to give and take away life as he chooses.   All men are to preserve life to the best of their ability.   M. Margaret Falls says that we cannot treat people as mere instruments to personal survival, success or fulfillment.2      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advocates will also utilize Genesis   1:27 to prove that because man is created in God's image, man must preserve as many lives as possible,   Therefore, the death of one, who has murdered many, will spare the useless and countless deaths of others.   God's command to preserve life seems much more important here than the preservation of criminals.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment is never used legitimately in the New Testament. Jesus' constant preaching of love and forgiveness shows his contempt for the harming of others.   One example of love is found in John 15:17 â€Å"This is my command:   Love each other.†Ã‚   An example of forgiveness is Matthew 6:14 â€Å"For if you forgive men when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.†      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jesus practiced what he preached by not condemning guilty persons.   In John 8:1-11, Jesus did not let the people stone a wom... ...    Falls, M. Margaret, The Christian Century, â€Å"Against the Death Penalty: A Christian Stance in a Secular World, The Christian Century Foundation, Cicero, IL, 1986.    Finlay, Terence J., The Ten Commandments, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, NY, 1961.    Harrison, R. K., Numbers An Exegetical Commentary, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1992.    Hoekema, David, The Christian Century, â€Å"Capital Punishment:   The Question of Justification, The Christian Century Foundation, Chicago, IL, 1979.    Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1973.    Kaiser, Walter C. Jr., Hard Sayings of the Old Testament, InerVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1988.    Steffen, Lloyd, Christianity and Crisis, â€Å"Casting the First Stone,† Christianity and Crisis, Inc., Syracuse, NY, 1990.   

Intro to Marketing

Jaguar and Think Tank Jaguar is one of the largest secondary sectors in the world, they manufacture luxury cars and they operate in a 169 countries and have 1200 employees. Jaguar has four main site in the UK which include Castle Bromwich, Brown Lane, Gaydon and Whitely. As for think tank is now considered as part of the Birmingham museums and one of the largest museums in England.Think tank makes education for children thrilling and fun so they created a place for children to be educated while having fun. What is marketing? Marketing is about businesses that produce products or services to focus on satisfying the needs and want of a consumer, For Jaguar it is about the promotion, distribution and selling of a product or service, based on the needs and wants of customers which is quoted on their website presentation. Marketing objectivesMarketing objectives is when a business such as Jaguar set a goal to increase productivity and sales and for Jaguar to able to do that, it is importa nt that the Marketing, Sales and Customer service to work together as one, for example if Jaguar goal was to increase sales for the XF type, then the departments would have to set the SMART OBJECTIVE which is S-SPECIFIC the objective must be clearly stated and focused M-MEASURABLE for jaguar to see how it is performing against their objective by knowing the quantity of their performance A-ACHIEVABLE for the objective to be practical it needs to be something jaguar can achieve R-REALISTIC the goal has to be something that jaguar can actually do T-TIME RELATED the objective has to have a time limit otherwise the performance of the objective will be unreliable For Jaguar to do their smart objective it would be when they produce a new type of car to that is targeted at female consumers, for Jaguar to achieve this target they would have to set their objectives by promoting their new product to their existing customers by being specific about the car, whilst they are advertising the new p roduct by saying how it differs from previous types and their unique quality for example the new type of Jaguar is environmental friendly but it’s still fast and luxurious, then Jaguar also has to measure the speed to know it is achievable goal and has to be something real and not a made up fact, the fast car also has a time limit to show the public. As for Think Tank their objective could be to have a new target market such as students from college and universities, so they can make more profit to reinvest in their museum. To target those new market they would have be specific with their goal by calculating those already visiting the museum or try attracting colleges and universities by showing the business side of the museum, where they have an increase of reputation to help them grow and attract more customers.And for Think Tank to measure the their goal if succeeding they would have to monitor their profit to see how much growth they have had before they set the objective and those goals would have to be realistic cause if their objective would have been attract senior public it would have been impossible but senor public with children then that would have been a realistic goal for them to achieve. Branding Businesses use logo and slogan intending to indentify the goods and service they are selling and also differentiate from other goods and services. Branding is not about getting your targeted markets choose your competitors instead of you but it is about consumers seeing you as the only one who can solve their problems.Their mission statement is to create beautiful fast car and for people to drive them because it keep the business going. Jaguar quoted ‘if we don’t sell cars we won’t exist as a business’. For their Brand to be larger Jaguar works with partners that operate in the same area as them e. g. British Airways, Selfridge etc.. For Jaguar they are recognised for their name ‘Jaguar’ and the wild animal shape that is constantly used on everything they do or produce. Jaguar is a strong brand that they can able to charge thousand pound on their product, which means with the strength jaguar can enter a new market which they are previously doing by reinventing an existing type to new market, with less risk of failure.Jaguar brand essence is ‘racing heart’ what this does is encourage products that has brand value to differentiate from the rest of their competitors, it also directs jaguar to create rare communication that their essence ‘its heart’ for the cars to be exhilarating. Each time they advertise their cars they usually add a campaign tagline which is ‘this is the new Jaguar’ now what this does for their branding is demand active consumers to take a second look at the brand and proclaims the importance of the now Jaguar. As for Think Tank their brand is known for being colourful and smart to remind people of the time people did not have pro blems and they see themselves as a opular destination for tourist because the museum offer services to suit all taste and budgets from free parks and museums plus their wide indoor premises for any weather. If Think Tank were to create a new museum in a new country with new products it will be hard for them to get any customers or receive any recognition, So for them to be recognised for their achievement and work think tank would think of enhancing their brand fairness through advertisement and promotion such as supporting awareness and events sponsorships so when think tank would think of growing their business it will reduce the risk of failure. Growth Strategies Businesses need to regularly look for new products and markets for future growth.A useful way of looking at growth opportunities is the Ansoff Growth matrix which was developed by Igor Ansoff who identified four categories for growth is: Market penetration  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Increase sales of an existing product in an existing market. At Jaguar they headquarter at the UK and most of the sales are from abroad since most UK citizens buy foreign cars because it is cheaper, so for Jaguar to increase sales at the UK they could do more advertisements and promotion and also have decrease the cost of the cars, But since Jaguar is a known brand that is recognised to be expensive and luxurious, then by decreasing cost it would reduce the quality of the car. So to increase sells Jaguar would have target their previous customer to spread the word about the car they own e. g. the XJ and other their friends, business partnerships and competitors.As for Think Tank they could increase a wider range of customers within Birmingham by inviting schools to learn new science technologies and college for students to learn and observe the business side to it and begin able to achieve that the museum would have connections with schools and colleges Product development  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Improve present products and/or develop new produc ts for the current market: so if jaguar decides to develop a new product and sell it to their current customers it would be safe because Jaguar tries to have a relationship with the customers which results the customer to buy more new cars from them. For example developing a new car that is enhanced performances, bold design and reflects positive on the drive, then the current market would want the product because of the positive review it might have. As for think tank they would have to develop a product that could be more useful for young teens and adults such as the 4D screen cinema that everyone wants to try it.The 4D cinema is for people to enjoy watching films while looking realistic enough. This simply attracts all age groups Market development  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Sell existing products into new markets since Jaguar is a wide world known brand it would be easier for them to sell anything in any country. For example selling the XJ in China would be bring profit to the business because china has recently improved their economy making China the third leading economy in the world and selling the XJ there would increase Jaguar chances of opening a manufacturing company and getting potential customers as well As for Think tank they are located in Birmingham so to move to a new market they would have to conduct a research to open their museum there.Diversification  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Develop new products for new markets: if jaguar was developing a new brand for a new market such as the XF for female customer they would have the type match the new market taste by doing something different than the other types jaguar manufactured. But it could be a risk since people see jaguar as the company that design muscular cars for rich mans and result them to lose their clients. As for Think tank they could change their target market to the age range of teens and make the museum seem less childish and make the place seem more of science area museum so the teens can came and gain more kno wledge than they do it at school. Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing is where a business focuses in a long term value of a customer; the long term could be 5-25 years depending in the business existence.Jaguar sees themselves as developing a lasting relationship with their customers through outstanding performance by trying to meet the needs and expectation of their customers by anticipating everything before it comes to mind. This could attract more customers and have loyal customer who will be supporting the business. As for think tank they to have lasting relationship with their consumers they try to provide anything necessary such as a family group they designed a children playroom for the children to be left alone and made the place safe for the children and fun and the food is healthy and nourishes for people to enjoy them and they also created a quite place for people to read and enjoy the silence. The creation of think tank was to meet each and every needs and wan ts of the consumers Resubmission Market objective:-For Jaguar to do their smart objective it would be when they produce a new type of car to that is targeted at female consumers, for Jaguar to achieve this target they would have to set their objectives by promoting their new product to their existing customers and being specific about the car, whilst they are advertising the new product by saying how it differs from previous types and their unique quality for example the new type of Jaguar is environmental friendly but it’s still fast and luxurious. Then see if their performance of selling the car quantity is increasing e. g. sales revenue and customer percentage from previous project to the new one. Market penetration:-For Jaguar to increase sales at the UK they could do more advertisements and promotion and also have decrease the cost of the cars, But since Jaguar is a known brand that is recognised to be expensive and luxurious, then by decreasing cost it would reduce the quality of the car. So to increase sells Jaguar would have target their previous customer to spread the word about the car they own e. g. the XJ and other their friends, business partnerships and competitors. Product development:- For example developing a new car that is enhanced performances, bold design and reflects positive on the drive, then the current market would want the product because of the positive review it might have. Market development:-

Mt. Everest Essays

Mt. Everest Essays Mt. Everest Essay Mt. Everest Essay Conquering the summit Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the highest mountain in the world and to give examples of people who climbed it. Central idea: I will talk about the height of the Everest, the trail that leads to the summit, the location, and surroundings. Introduction I. Try to close your eyes and imagine the following scenes. A. You are seating down on the highest summit in the world, and all you see is other white summits. B. You are away from the noise and all you hear is wind. C. No buildings no civilization, just mountains. II. There are some people that died because they wanted to be on the highest spot on earth. III. On the other hand, people who made the most amazing journey of their life. IV. It takes around 3 days to climb the Everest from the base camp which is 21,300Â  ft. V. Intrigued by the subject I went to Nepal to the Himalaya range to see the Everest. Body I. the Everest has many stories behind it. A. The first people to conquer the summit 1. In 1953 the first two people reached the summit, the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal. B. Mount Everest is considered to be a death zone. 1. It is very hard for climbers to survive in a death zone. The temperature Can get to very low levels and the body parts will frostbite easily. 2. People who die during the climb are typically left behind. About 150 bodies have never been recovered. C. Now days, it is very popular to hike until EBC- Everest base camp. 1. My best friend reached the EBC. . I hiked to Annapurna Base Camp which is not far from the Everest region. Conclusion I. the Everest is the greatest adventure a human been can experience. A. Thousands of people have experienced the highest summit on earth. B. There are some dark sides for the great mountain, it is deadly. Bibliography 1. Success And Death On Mount Everest, Raymond B. HUEY And Richard Salisbury, The American Alpine Journal, 2003 americanalpineclub. org/pdfs/aaj/HueyEverestAAJ_03. pdf 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mount_Everest

Progressive Era

Progressive Era The Progressive Era was a period of drastic reform in the United States. The 17th Amendment of 1913 reformed the direct election of Senators by putting the power of the vote in the hands of the people. The 18th Amendment of 1919 placed the prohibition of liquor because of the social and political temperance movements advocating this government regulation. The 19th Amendment of 1920 finally granted women's suffrage by giving women the right to vote in government elections. All three of these amendments reformed problems that Progressives called for after the nationwide depression from 1893 to 1897.The 17th Amendment of 1913 took power of electing the senators of a state from the state legislature and placed it in the hands of the people of state. Many city and state governments were controlled by dishonest business executives and politicians who tried to block economic reforms and with a direct primary election, the command of elections would be in complete control of the citizens.Sup ernatural Fairy Tales: The Progressive Rock EraThe progressive movement was initiated by liberals in both political parties, the fight for government reform can be traced back to Liberal Republicans(An Oxymoron, Mr. Jetel?) during the Grant administration and Mugwumps. Citizens were enraged, with big businesses' growing influence in all branches of government and sought ways to purify it.Big Business was also a target of progressivism. During this time presidents like Roosevelt and William Howard Taft tried to regulate and control big business. Many well educated people of the time, as well as moderately prosperous businessmen and members of other professions(middle class) felt threatened by the increasing power of big business and the tycoons. These people were also disturbed by the Big business' influence in politics, making a mockery of the democratic system. Then with the failure of the interstate commerce act and the Sherman act, made big business look unstoppable. As the...

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Employment law - Essay Example based on religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation as regards the areas covered by this Directive should be prohibited throughout the Community.’1 Following this directive, The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 came into effect on December 2, 2003. Section 2 of the Regulations, define religion in very broad terms as ‘"religion or belief" means any religion, religious belief, or similar philosophical belief.’2 Section 44 of the Equality Act 2006 defines religion or belief in very similar terms.3 The 2003 Regulations are not unlike the legislative provisions for the prevention of discrimination on the grounds of sex and race. In other words discrimination can be either direct or indirect. In order to properly advise Mr. David Williams it will be necessary to look at previous case law and the application of indirect and direct discrimination by reference to established law in the area of sex and race discrimination. The Regulations are applicable to areas of employment that generally cover recruitment terms, promotions, transfers, dismissals and training. Direct discrimination infers treatment of an employee less favourably than the treatment of others on the basis of that person’s religion or belief. Indirect discrimination will apply to situations in which a criteria, practice or provision is adapted in the absence of a good and/or fair reason and disadvantages a person of a certain religion or belief.5 ;Indirect discrimination’ is by and large concerned, with the application of a similar set of rules to a similar group despite the fact that the rules will affect the members of the group in vastly different ways. The European Court of Justice has been rather clear regarding its position on discrimination of any kind as enshrined in Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms. Religious freedom has been found to be no less important than any other right. In Kokkinakis v Greece it was

Importance of Physical Education to student achievement Research Paper

Importance of Physical Education to student achievement - Research Paper Example Physical education and academic performance The direct implications of physical education on academic performance of students have been established by several researchers. One of the first studies analyzing the impact of physical activity on the academic performance of students was done by (Fourestier, 1962). This study included a small group of students from France. The sample population which underwent physical education in the afternoon after the forenoon’s sessions within the classroom was reported to have improved academic performance in comparison with the control group which didn’t undergo physical education (Fourestier, 1962). Though this study included only a small sample size and the methodology has not been detailed in the literature available, this has been indicated as one of the first studies in this research area. Another larger study which was conducted in 1970s has been recorded by Sallis et al (1999). This included 546 primary school children and confi rmed that those students who continuously engaged in five hours of physical education in a week performed better academically. This study has also analyzed the changing impacts of extent of physical education as the control population was constituted of children who had a limited exposure of 40 minutes of physical education per week Sallis et al (1999). ... Shephard (1997) reported that there was significant improvement in the mathematics score of students who underwent physical education for 5 hours a week. However, there were negative consequences in terms of scores in English. It is worth noting here that 33 minutes were reduced in the mathematics instruction while no hours were taken off from English teaching Shephard (1997). Raviv & Hectch (1999) recorded that physical movement education considerably improved the reading skills and the arithmetic test scores of students in an intervention made in an Israel school involving 92 preschool and 266 first grade children. More recent studies also suggest promising correlation between academic performance and physical education. Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves & Malina (2006) conducted an interventional study amongst 6th grade students which included fifty five minutes of physical education per day as an intervention. This intervention in terms of time was equivalent to that of the time slot for arts and computer sciences. The observations of this study indicated that these students performed as good as the control population in mathematics, science and English Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves & Malina (2006). The results of the Canadian Achievement Test revealed that even with decrease in academic time the academic performance of the sample population remained the same (Ahamed, Macdonald, Reed, Naylor, Liu-Ambrose & McKay, 2007). There are few studies which have suggested negative implications of Physical Education on academic achievements. Tremblay, Inman & Willms (2000) observed inverse association with academic performance in students of 11 years. This study is worth mentioning because of its large sample size. The research covered close to 7000 students as the

Content Analysis Writing Assignment Research Paper

Content Analysis Writing Assignment - Research Paper Example The movie analyses how the less popular students in school suffer when they try to fit in the popular world. It becomes difficult for them to establish friendships and mingle with other students (Dubowski, Bicks, Kohn & Silverstein, 2009). As seen by the character of Josie, whereby the popular girls mimic her and isolate her. This makes Josie miserable and unhappy. She struggles to fit in, in vain. Friendship is crucial in every person’s life, be it a child, teenager or a parent. Through good friendships, one is able to discuss diverse ideas with regard to different life situation (Brougham, 2007). Everyone in the world requires friendships in one way or another. Without friends, one feels unhappy and isolated. As seen in the movie, Josie tries to establish friendships with different people without success. When she tries to fit in with the popular students, they neglect and make fun of her, when she tries to fit with the geek group she fails too (Dubowski, Bicks, Kohn & Silverstein, 2009). This makes her have no option, but be on her own. In every friendship, there are rules that ought to be adhered, to make the friendship last. For instance, trust, love and emotional support are crucial in every relationship. Therefore, it is essential for everyone to have a friend with whom to depend on and share life experiences (Brougham, 2007). The theme of love, also seen in the movie, the students want to feel loved by both their friends and experience romantic love. For instance, Josie tries to make herself noticed by men so that she could experience romantic love. Her efforts become fruitless after taking a cookie and misbehave in front of the entire school fraternity. She becomes a laughing stock the following day in school. She is thus forced to give up her dreams of getting a boyfriend. A similar thing happens in real life; this occurs in every person’s life when looking for that one

Advantages of Group Decision-Making Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Group Decision-Making Essay Firstly, group decision making from experts in different areas is beneficial to solve complicate problems. For instance, in a small company, boss often makes suggestions by himself; the result of his behavior relies on the ability of the boss. So there are cases when he can’t make things right, which may be serious fault to the operation of a company. However, people with different backgrounds consider the problems more carefully and comprehensively, as a result, running the company will be in less risk. Secondly, people making decisions in groups are eager to bear more risks individually. Decisions come with risks. People who make the wrong decision will take the responsibility. A contradiction rises up when they attempt to avoid being wrong and at the same time, solve problems correctly. As a result, people will somewhat not dare to make the final decision. Nevertheless, group decision makers can share the risks because each of them has responsibility for the suggestions to the problem. Moreover, individual risks are decreased when some others rectify the suggestion for him or her. 2.Disadvantages of group decision-making Firstly, low efficiency in decision-making, everyone has his own opinions and under certain circumstances such as brainstorming, it costs more time to decide what to do by group decision-making than by personal decision-making. If things go well, the results will come out quickly. But if each of them in a group can’t comprise in the end, nothing will be achieved. For example, there is news from CCTV about the 2012 DOHA Climate Change Conference, †Nearly 200 countries haggling over how to stop climate change and how to pay for it failed to reach a deal on schedule Friday. That sets the stage for the wrangling to continue late into the night.† Things like these are usually occurred when a large number of people attend. Finally, the conference extended until they arrive at an agreement. Secondly, group decision-making will lose effectiveness when people are not likely to put up with suggestions out of some reasons. In such cases, the leader of the group will be the only one who does decision-making, which has no diffidence with personal decision-making. All the members of the group should have equal opportunities and are willing to speak out. Then, group decision-making functions better in dealing with problems.